Alfred Blalock (April 5, 1899 – September 15, 1964) was an American surgeon most noted for his work on the medical condition of shock as well as Tetralogy of Fallot— commonly known as Blue baby syndrome. Just before he gets out of the wheelchair and walks stiffly out of the hospital, Dr. Blalock begins to talk about his regrets, but stops. Lives were saved when she invented an operation to correct the circulation in babies born with faulty hearts: babies that had been blue due to lack of oxygen in their blood would turn pink soon after the operation, visibly brought back to life. Was the priest right that Dr. Blalock was arrogant and vain? He surgically created in dogs the heart malformations that caused the blue baby syndrome. Vivien Thomas fully participated in developing the blue baby operations, but he was not given credit for his contribution nor was he acknowledged to be a leading instructor of surgery for more than three decades. None of these inventions or inaccuracies change the important elements of the story and all serve to advance the plot or highlight the lessons to be learned from the real story. Open heart surgery is any surgery in which the chest wall is opened to reveal the heart. Over time she realized that her young patients were blue because not enough oxygen was reaching their blood. Selected Awards: 2004 Emmy Awards: Outstanding Made for Television Movie; Outstanding Cinematography for a Miniseries or Movie; Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special; Directors Guild of America, DGA Award: Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Movies for Television; Writers Guild of America, USA, WGA Award (TV) Best Long Form – Original; Golden Globe Awards Nominations: Best Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for Television; Best Performance by an Actor in a Mini-Series or a Motion Picture Made for Television (Mos Def); 2004 Emmy Awards Nominations: Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie (both Mos Def and Alan Rickman nominated); Outstanding Writing for a Miniseries, Movie or a Dramatic Special; Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries, Movie or a Dramatic Special; Outstanding Casting for a Miniseries, Movie or a Dramatic Special; Outstanding Single-Camera Sound Mixing for a Miniseries or a Movie; Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards, Nomination: Best Picture Made for Television; Featured Actors: Alan Rickman as Alfred Blalock; Mos Def as Vivien Thomas; Mary Stuart Masterson as Dr. Helen Taussig; Kyra Sedgwick as Mary Blalock; Merritt Wever as Mrs. Saxon; Doug Olear as Michael Saxon. 17. Based on his findings Dr. Blalock urged wider use of plasma or whole-blood transfusions to improve treatment for surgical shock. This required, he argued, that people on occasion put their futures on the line. Yes, it was an experiment. The students conduct experiments under the direction of a medical school faculty member, learning the process and methodology of scientific research. I don’t mind that. But even if Mr. Thomas had not gone to college or medical school because he had a responsibility to take care of his family, it was Dr. Blalock’s responsibility to encourage Mr. Thomas and use his best efforts to make it easier for Mr. Thomas to go to school by offering to help Mr. Thomas get a scholarship and financial aid. Shortly after an epidemic of children born with flipper-like limbs, heart defects, and other malformations broke out in Europe, a student told Dr. Taussig about a possible link between the defects and thalidomide. These children were exhausted by any activity and many could not walk. Medicine Dr. Taussig did extensive work on anoxemia, or blue baby syndrome, which led to the development of a pioneering cardiac surgical procedure for infants called the Blalock-Thomas-Taussig shunt, first performed by Taussig and Dr. Alfred Blalock on an 11-month old baby girl on … Banks, having invested their depositors’ money in businesses that went under or in real estate that had depreciated in value, became insolvent and simply shut their doors. Dr. Walter Dandy David Bailey. The same is true of Dr. Blalock’s failure to give Mr. Thomas credit for his contribution to Dr. Blalock’s discoveries. Note that as of July 2016 evolving standards of ethics in the treatment of animals and advances in simulator technology have led all medical schools in the U.S. to abandon the use of animals in the first four years of medical education. Dr. Helen Taussig Cliff McMullen. ALFRED BLALOCK, M.D. He did not give Thomas credit for his work in the scientific community. These procedures have saved tens of thousands of lives world-wide. I thought it was different in here.” What did he mean? in 1921 from the University of California and her M.D. The bank in which he put his money failed during the Great Depression. Helen theorized that if an artery in the heart could be closed, one could also be opened to save the lives of the "blue babies". Links to the Internet AKA Helen Brooke Taussig. No. After Dr. Blalock’s retirement in 1963, Mr. Thomas remained as head of the Johns Hopkins surgical research laboratories and continued to instruct doctors training to be surgeons. He did not encourage Thomas to attend college and then go to medical school. That Thomas was talented and that he was someone Dr. Blalock could train to be a good lab technician. Helen Cowan completed a PhD in cardiac pharmacology at Oxford in 2002. Mr. Thomas would, for example, operate on dogs to recreate the conditions that Dr. Blalock was studying and then record the results of experiments searching for a cure for those conditions. When Dr. Blalock observed the results of the operation during an autopsy of the dog, he said, “Vivien, this is like something the Lord made.”. 8. For more than 30 years, the two men pursued a variety of medical research projects. See, “Has the time come to rename the Blalock-Taussig shunt?” by Brogan, Thomas V. MD; Alfieris, George M. MD, Pediatric Critical Care Medicine. Still, Dr. Blalock did a lot for Mr. Thomas, in return for what Mr. Thomas did for him. They each suggested solutions to problems and were proud of each other’s contributions. See Question # 10 in the Comprehension Test/Homework Assignment. Benefits of the Movie He was 19 years of age and wanted to become a doctor. The story behind the surgery was the subject of the 2004 HBO movie Something the Lord Made, filmed at The Johns Hopkins Hospital. Helen Brooke Taussig was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts on May 24, 1898 to Frank W. Taussig and Edith Thomas Guild, who had three other children. Partners of the Heart — Vivien Thomas and His Work with Alfred Blalock — An Autobiography by Vivien T. Thomas, 1985, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia. Dr. Blalock and Mr. Thomas were a team. Selected Awards & Cast, Helpful Background She received her A.B. It had a large elite class of black middle-class professionals and merchants, with black doctors, lawyers, store owners, and entrepreneurs. This enabled Mr. Thomas (later Dr. Thomas) to contribute to society and to partially fulfill his potential. Describe the reasons for your answer. True caring, like true friendship, would have resulted in Dr. Blalock giving Mr. Thomas credit for his efforts in the blue baby operations. The Vivien Thomas Research Program brings promising high school students to Morehouse College for six weeks during the summer. In 1979, upon his retirement, Dr. Thomas was appointed instructor emeritus of surgery. Dr. Taussig was an early female graduate from Johns Hopkins Medical School. How do scientists get recognition for their scientific research? Was Dr. Blalock a racist or a man who did as much as he could to help Vivien Thomas have a fulfilling career? 20. I have some regrets. Perhaps Dr. Blalock’s most egregious failure in his relationship with Vivien Thomas was that Dr. Blalock never encouraged or helped Thomas to go back to school and fulfill his dream of becoming a doctor and a surgeon. * Diane Varsi - Movie Actress * Charley - Steinbeck's Poodle * Dr. Helen Taussig MD- Heart Researcher * Dr. Alfred Blalock MD- Heart Surgeon * Dr. Vivien Thomas PhD- Medical Researcher * Paul Iams - Businessman (Pet food) * 6 Bishops of the Diocese of Camden - Bishop Bartholomew Eustace - Archbishop Celestine Damiano - Bishop Justin McCarthy There was no reduction in the restrictions that segregation placed on Vivien Thomas and his family when they moved north from Nashville in 1941. This was not shown in the corresponding scene in the film. The fact that the operation was experimental should have been (and probably was) fully disclosed to the parents when they were making their decision about whether to give their consent. Another major contribution by Dr. Taussig was her role in preventing large numbers of thalidomide-caused birth defects in the United States. Parenting Points 1. Another (so far as we can tell) fictional scene is the final scene with Dr. Blalock. Discussion Questions Relating to Ethical Issues will facilitate the use of this film to teach ethical principles and critical viewing. SUBJECTS — Medicine; U.S./1917 – 1991, Diversity, Tennessee & Maryland; SOCIAL-EMOTIONAL LEARNING — Teamwork; Education; Friendship; AGE: Age: 10+; MPAA Rating — PG; Drama; 2004; 135 minutes; Color. Original commissioned portrait of Dr. Helen Taussig by Jamie Wyeth on the left. Ask and help your child to answer the Quick Discussion Question. The incident in the film that has him quitting, selling pharmaceuticals, and then having to ask to be rehired is a way to dramatize the importance to him of the work and the fact that he was underpaid. 2. Film portrayals. Yes. She needs a new ductus for them to oxygenate their blood. In 1959, he and Taussig jointly received Gairdner Foundation Award (Toronto) totaling $25,000. Each movie has its strengths. Possible Problems At birth these babies became weak and “blue,” and sooner or later all died. 5. Taussig wrote a timeless textbook on the heart; she also trained 123 heart doctors, including Denton Cooley, the world-famous doctor who implanted the first artificial heart. (Dr. Blalock retired in 1963 and died in 1964.) Maryland was a Border State during the Civil War and racially segregated in the period 1940 – 1965. If you think that we have not met those standards, please contact 0203 289 0940. Dr. Vivien Thomas is now recognized as a full participant in the development of blue baby operation. Physician Helen Brooke Taussig discovered a surgical procedure for treating "blue babies." On hand with cast members at the Baltimore premier will be several of the doctors who worked with Blalock, Thomas and Taussig and who still are associated with Hopkins. The success of the blue baby operations confirmed that surgeons could operate on a living human heart. Available from Amazon.com. Historically (and until 1945), Harvard had allowed women to take a course or two, but not get a medical degree. Race relations, the personalities of the two men, their work together, the state of medical research … are accurately presented in the movie. In the laboratory, Vivien Thomas was always treated as an individual and with respect. Contracting whopping cough left her with a significant hearing loss; which, with … Open heart surgery includes surgery on the blood vessels leading to and from the heart. He used this as proof that things were getting better and that Harold didn’t have to put himself at risk by being a plaintiff in a lawsuit seeking equal pay for black teachers. The development of the Blalock-Taussig-Thomas shunt is examined in … In addition, Thomas was treated with respect in many other ways. Helen Brooke Taussig was an American physician, cardiologist, educator and author recognized as the founder of pediatric cardiology, best known for her contributions to the development of the first successful treatment of “blue baby” syndrome. White lab coats were worn by doctors or people performing a task that required expertise. Helen Taussig was born on May 24, 1898 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA as Helen Brooke Taussig. This was disproved by Dr. Blalock in the famous blue baby operations. Dr. Blalock did not pay Thomas a salary commensurate with his work. Mr. Thomas might have had to leave his job as Dr. Blalock’s research assistant. What was the most important way in which Dr. Blalock failed to treat Mr. Thomas as a friend? Who do you agree with? The success of this operation demonstrated that surgery on the heart was possible. The movie was nominated for many awards and won several. However, Vivien Thomas was luckier than he thought. Apparently, this is realistic. She served as an Archibald Fellow in Medicine at Johns Hopkins and worked at … From the standpoint of Dr. Blalock’s responsibility as a friend to Mr. Thomas, does the answer matter? Mary Thomas Cora Shay Buck. At the same time, because of segregation, there were many opportunities that were not open to Mr. Thomas. 4. Vivien Thomas’ leading role in the groundbreaking blue baby operations was not publicly acknowledged by Dr. Blalock or by Johns Hopkins for decades. This story provides examples of the impact of the Great Depression. They worked together at Johns Hopkins from 1940 until Dr. Blalock’s retirement in 1963. Was it Mr. Thomas’ obligation to support his family or Dr. Blalock’s need for him in the laboratory or was it something else that prevented Mr. Thomas from returning to college and then going to medical school? Thomas, p. 214. The fact that Blalock was successful is not an answer to this question because Dr. Blalock had to answer it for himself and for his patient before the operation. Blalock and Taussig by which blue babies are temporarily given increased blood flow to the lungs so that they can live long enough for additional surgery to more permanently correct the function of their hearts is called the Blalock-Taussig Shunt. To recreate heart defects and to develop surgical treatments for those defects. Can depositors in most banks in the U.S. today lose their money if the bank fails? When looking at lists of women pioneers of the last century, Helen Taussig’s name is usually missing. Friends nurture each other. Yet, Dr. Blalock, who came from a wealthy Southern family, never paid Vivien Thomas a salary commensurate with his responsibilities or his contribution. When the School opened, it admitted 13 male and three female students. Alfred Blalock and Helen Taussig. Finally, standing on a step stool and looking over Dr. Blalock’s shoulder, Mr. Thomas supervised the first 25 – 35 operations that Blalock performed on human beings. Thomas and Blalock had, in effect, set up a separate world in the laboratory in which they treated each other without consideration of their respective races. 13. (Be kind; Be compassionate and show you care; Express gratitude; Forgive others; Help people in need). Had Mr. Thomas been a physician, he most likely would have been one of the premier surgeons in the country. Dr. Blalock was elected to the National Academy of Sciences and awarded numerous honors including the Chevalier de la Legion d’Honneur. This is a dramatic way of raising this issue. However, Dr. Blalock never fully acknowledged his assistant’s contribution and claimed the results of Mr. Thomas’ creativity as Blalock’s own. Until 1944, the heart was considered off-limits to surgeons. They were not friends because Dr. Blalock kept Mr. Thomas in a subordinate position and didn’t invite Mr. Thomas to important social occasions, such as the large party thrown for Dr. Blalock. Compare the contributions to the Civil Rights Movement of Vivien Thomas and his brother Harold, who was a plaintiff in a landmark case that went all the way to the Supreme Court. The message of the movie on this topic is so obvious it doesn’t need any explication. Helen Taussig (Mary Stuart Masterson), the pediatrician/cardiologist at Johns Hopkins, challenges Blalock to come up with a surgical solution for her Blue Babies. 4(4):450-453, October 2003. Vivien Thomas’ role was more unique than the role played by his brother. Dr. Thomas’ autobiography, Partners of the Heart was published a few days after his death. Was the first blue baby operation an experiment, as the priest charged? Frances Grebel John Emmanuel. While minor events have been rearranged and some scenes were invented to advance the storyline, this drama is accurate from the general historical and emotional standpoint. What did Mr. Thomas say to Dr. Blalock when Dr. Blalock lost his temper and cursed at him and how did Dr. Blalock respond? After he retired in 1963, there was a major shift in thinking about racism and the rights of black people, particularly in the South. This web page serves as the answer key for the test/homework assignment. Dr. Taussig suggested various operations to improve circulation to the lungs. Mr. Thomas did have to moonlight for a short time selling pharmaceuticals to doctors and he did have to complain to Dr. Blalock of his need for more money before Dr. Blalock increased his salary. Deformity, meanwhile, was being detected in babies born in Germany. Whether life’s challenges are what led Taussig to triumph will never be known, but she certainly taught that adversity is no barrier to success. Many religious people would take the position taken by Eileen’s mother, that the operation itself and the possibility of the operation was an expression of God’s will. He discovered that people went into shock due to loss of blood or other fluids. Helen Brooke Taussig is known as the founder of pediatric cardiology for her innovative work on "blue baby" syndrome . In 1965 she became the first woman president of the American Heart Association. The procedure pioneered by Drs. in 1927 from the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. He never encouraged his assistant to return to school and obtain a medical degree. Was Dr. Blalock’s colleague correct when he worried that Blalock was rushing into the first blue baby operation because Dr. Blalock had prematurely assured the child’s parents that he knew how to perform the operation? Nor did Dr. Blalock permit Mr. Thomas to play a role as a social equal outside of the lab. The doctor had a point, but Blalock had other considerations as well, most importantly, that the child would die without the operation. During the mid-20th century, Dr. Blalock was the only medical researcher to give this much opportunity and responsibility to a black man with high school education. Available from Amazon.com. Vivien Thomas never left Blalock’s employ. Helen Brooke Taussig was one of the most celebrated physicians of the twentieth century. (1899-1964) Dr. Blalock earned his medical degree at Johns Hopkins in 1922. Dr. Blalock trained Vivien Thomas in medical research and surgery and soon the youth became Blalock’s chief research assistant. Have students reproduce one of the illustrations or drawings of the operation linked in the adjacent Photographs, Diagrams and Other Visuals section of this Guide, describing the purpose of each incision and medical device shown. They usually died at a very young age. In “Something the Lord Made” there are four or five occasions in which the character of Dr. Blalock used profanity. 14. Why it took so long for Thomas to receive the recognition he deserved provides an excellent window into changing attitudes concerning race in the U.S. during the 20th century. One of the conditions that Dr. Blalock set when he accepted employment at Johns Hopkins was that a position be created for his lab technician and research assistant, Vivien Thomas. For versions of the test/assignment suitable to be passed out to students, see Something the Lord Made Comprehension Test/Homework Assignment and Partners of the Heart Comprehension Test/Homework Assignment. That case established that black teachers had to be paid the same amount as white teachers for the same work. The doctors who Dr. Thomas helped to train, including some of the most prominent surgeons in the country, commissioned his portrait and saw to it that the painting was placed next to Dr. Blalock’s portrait as an honored member of the Johns Hopkins staff. Assignments, Projects, and Activities for Use With Any Film that is a Work of Fiction. Today almost all banks have Federal deposit insurance which protects deposits up to the amount of $100,000. Discussion Questions Given an honorary doctor of laws (Johns Hopkins did not give honorary doctorates in medicine), he became an instructor of surgery at Johns Hopkins Medical School. Mr. Thomas and Dr. Blalock worked together at Vanderbilt University from 1930 to 1940. I understand that. It probably was a combination of the two. These films describe the unique and productive association between Vivien Thomas, a black high school graduate, and his white mentor and employer, Dr. Alfred Blalock. She proved that "blue babies" died of insufficient circulation rather than cardiac arrest, as had been previously thought. Thomas resigned saying that he had not been raised to take that kind of language. In addition to websites which may be linked in the Guide and selected film reviews listed on the Movie Review Query Engine, the following resources were consulted in the preparation of this Learning Guide: FICTION (SOAPS, DRAMAS, AND REALITY/SURVIVAL SHOW), Announcement by Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Partners of the Heart Comprehension Test/Homework Assignment, Discussion Questions Relating to Ethical Issues, Web-Based Exhibit on the Blue Baby Operations, Hopkins pioneered ‘blue baby’ surgery 50 years ago from the Johns Hopkins Gazette. It shows doctors from different disciplines cooperating to make an important medical breakthrough and describes a pivotal time in the development of heart surgery. It was not charting new ground for Vivien Thomas to dream of becoming a doctor. 18. Helen Brooke Taussig (May 24, 1898 – May 20, 1986) was an American cardiologist, working in Baltimore and Boston, who founded the field of pediatric cardiology. See Discussion Questions for Use With any Film that is a Work of Fiction. No. Image caption: From left: Alfred Blalock, Vivien Thomas, and Helen Taussig Image credit: Alan Mason Chesney Medical Archives. What did Dr. Blalock see in Vivien Thomas a few weeks after Thomas began to work for him? His employer was Dr. Alfred Blalock, a medical research scientist at the Vanderbilt University Medical School. 24. 4. Johns Hopkins has established the Vivien Thomas Fund which is “committed to reaching out aggressively to under-represented minorities to ensure the broadest possible talent pool in academic medicine and biomedical science.” There is also a Vivien Thomas Young Investigator Award established by the Council on Cardio-thoracic and Vascular Surgery to acknowledge the accomplishments of young investigators focused on fundamental and applied surgical research. How did Mr. Thomas lose his college savings? It played a large and probably a primary role in preventing Mr. Thomas and others from demanding that Mr. Thomas have the opportunity to go to college and later get a medical degree. It is said that Vivien Thomas opened new paths to healing when most doors were closed to him. With the Great Depression making carpentry work scarce, he thought himself lucky to find a job as a janitor. The term “open” refers to the chest, not to the heart itself. In addition, what Dr. Blalock did for Mr. Thomas was much more than most Southerners would have done for a young black high school graduate in period 1930 – 1960. Helen Taussig also headed the pediatric cardiac clinic. AN EXAMPLE OF THE INTERPLAY OF ALTRUISM AND SELF-INTEREST IN RACE RELATIONS: From 1930, when Vivien Thomas first applied to Dr. Blalock for a job as a janitor, until well into the 1950s, black people in the South were not permitted to use their creativity to contribute to scientific research. 6. Did Dr. Blalock violate that obligation by rushing into the first blue baby operation after he had performed only one trial surgery on a dog? The following two Questions About Friendship that should be asked together: 3. The right answer is that even if injustice will be corrected gradually, in most cases, people must compel a change to occur or it will never happen or it will happen too slowly. It contains sections on Nashville and its black community absent from the fictionalized version. Helen was born, the youngest of four children, in Cambridge, Massachusetts to well educated parents: Frank Taussig, a Harvard Professor and Edith Guild, a “founding student” at Radcliffe (where Harvard had all its women students go). Charles Manlove Irene Ziegler. In 1944, in association with Dr. Helen Taussig, they designed and carried out the first blue baby operations. See Comprehension Test/Homework Assignment Questions 8 and 9. A skilled carpenter, he planned to finance his college education with money saved from seven years of carpentry jobs. Viewing the young man as a person, rather than as just another black janitor, Dr. Blalock encouraged him to develop his skills as a scientist and as a surgeon. (Scientists usually gain recognition when their names are placed on published papers that describe their research.) Bank Officer Henri Edmonds. See Last US Medical School That Used Live Animals In Teaching Surgery Ends Practice” and Announcement by Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine. It was said of Mr. Thomas and Dr. Blalock that “In the privacy of the lab, they made the rules. Recommissioned portrait by another artist on the right. What is meant by that? “Something the Lord Made” is excellent in every respect: acting, screenwriting, directing, set design, music, and in its ability to use drama to convey a realistic view of what actually occurred. Have students read and summarize at least five of the entries on HBO’s Share Your Story Page (containing remembrances and recollections of Vivien Thomas, Dr. Blalock and the experiences of many blue babies and their families); the students should then write a paragraph on which story they liked the best and why; 3. Patient and still act in a caring manner toward Mr. Thomas, no one wanted, the... 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