ella fitzgerald granddaughter alicemegan stewart and amy harmon missing
A few years after her birth, Fitzgeralds parents separated and her mother met her new partner, Joseph da Silva. Ella Jane Fitzgerald (April 25, 1917 - June 15, 1996) was an American jazz vocalist with a vocal range spanning three octaves (D3 to D6). "I just want to smell the air, listen to the birds and hear Alice laugh," she said. Fitzgerald became an international star. ella fitzgerald granddaughter alice. This volume also contains a complete discography (1927-1939) for drummer and bandleader Chick Webb, with whom Ella began her recording career in 1935. [61] In March 1990, she appeared at the Royal Albert Hall in London, England, with the Count Basie Orchestra for the launch of Jazz FM, plus a gala dinner at the Grosvenor House Hotel at which she performed. she traded the stage for sitting in her backyard with her son and granddaughter, Alice. In her lifetime, she won 13 Grammy awards and sold over 40 million albums. [46] Even though she had already worked in the movies (she sang two songs in the 1942 Abbott and Costello film Ride 'Em Cowboy),[47] she was "delighted" when Norman Granz negotiated the role for her, and, "at the time considered her role in the Warner Brothers movie the biggest thing ever to have happened to her. Ella Wishes You a Swinging Christmas by Ella Fitzgerald (Record, 2021) $29.98 New. To support the family, Joe dug ditches and was a part-time chauffeur, while Tempie worked at a laundromat and did some catering. "Celebrating 100 Years of Song", It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing), (If You Can't Sing It) You'll Have to Swing It (Mr. Paganini), Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Cole Porter Song Book, Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Duke Ellington Song Book, Learn how and when to remove this template message, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, List of awards received by Ella Fitzgerald, Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts Medal of Honor Award, African American Heritage Trail of Westchester County, "Ella Fitzgerald, the Voice of Jazz, Dies at 79", "Ward of the State; The Gap in Ella Fitzgerald's Life", "Ella Fitzgerald and Chick Webb: Jazz's Odd Couple", "Buck Ram; Platters Mentor Wrote String of 1950s Hits", National Archives and Records Administration, "Ella Fitzgerald Sues Airline for Discrimination (1970)", "Sir Johnny up there with the Count and the Duke", "Ella on Special 1980 Duet with Karen Carpenter", "Ella Fitzgerald For Kentucky Fried Chicken", "Ella Fitzgerald: Just One of Those Things | Jazz Journal", "Ella Fitzgerald Had Both Legs Amputated", "Ella Fitzgerald, Jazz's First Lady of Song, Dies", "Post Civil War: Freedmen and Civil Rights", "Remarks on Presenting the Presidential Medals of Freedom | The American Presidency Project", "Calendar & Events: Spring Sing: Gershwin Award", "Half a Century of Song with the Great 'Ella', "Partial List of Harvard Honorary Degrees", "Rod Stewart: I Thought Christmas Album Was 'Beneath Me', "Google celebrates Ella Fitzgerald with doodle on 96th birthday", "Ella Fitzgerald celebrated in Google Doodle; 'The Queen of Jazz' Ella Fitzgearld is commemorated with a Google Doodle on what would have been her 96th birthday", "Ella at 100, Ella Fitzgerald The First Lady of Song", Discography of American Historical Recordings, Listen to Big Band Serenade podcast, episode 6, Ella Fitzgerald: Just One of Those Things (documentary), Miss Ella Fitzgerald & Mr Gordon Jenkins Invite You to Listen and Relax, Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Rodgers & Hart Song Book, Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Irving Berlin Song Book, Ella Fitzgerald Sings Sweet Songs for Swingers, Ella Fitzgerald Sings the George and Ira Gershwin Song Book, Ella Fitzgerald Sings Songs from "Let No Man Write My Epitaph", Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Harold Arlen Song Book, Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Jerome Kern Song Book, Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Johnny Mercer Song Book, Things Ain't What They Used to Be (And You Better Believe It), Ella Fitzgerald and Billie Holiday at Newport, Newport Jazz Festival: Live at Carnegie Hall, The Complete Ella Fitzgerald & Louis Armstrong on Verve, Jukebox Ella: The Complete Verve Singles, Vol. Cathy will be remembered as a devoted wife to Frank for over 41 years as well as a loving mother to her children and grandchildren. Though this aspect of her life was rarely publicized, she frequently made generous donations to organizations for disadvantaged youths, and the continuation of these contributions was part of the driving force that prevented her from slowing down. Music From Stranger Things. Hours later, signs of remembrance began to appear all over the world. These partnerships produced some of her best-known songs such as "Dream a Little Dream of Me", "Cheek to Cheek", "Into Each Life Some Rain Must Fall", and "It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing)". Facebook. [15], Met with approval by both audiences and her fellow musicians, Fitzgerald was asked to join Webb's orchestra and gained acclaim as part of the group's performances at Harlem's Savoy Ballroom. [3] Her parents were unmarried but lived together in the East End section of Newport News[4] for at least two and a half years after she was born. She passed away at home on the 15th of June 1996 at the age of 79. While on tour, Fitzgerald fell in love with bassist, Ray Brown; the two eventually married, adopted a son, and named him Ray Jr. She performed with influential singers like Bill Kenny & the Ink Spots and Louis Jordan. Ella Fitzgerald became a major international star. https://www.biography.com/musician/ella-fitzgerald, Janet Yellen: The Progress of Women and Minorities in the Field of Economics, Stacey Abrams: Changing the Trajectory of Protecting Peoples Voices and Votes, Chronicles of American Women: Your History Makers, Women Writing History: A Coronavirus Journaling Project, We Who Believe in Freedom: Black Feminist DC, Learning Resources on Women's Political Participation. . Her many awards and accolades are a reflection of the colossal inspiration she was to many. In mid 1936, Ella made her first recording. "A-Tisket, A-Tasket" became a major hit on the radio and was also one of the biggest-selling records of the decade. The house was sold in 1963, and Fitzgerald permanently returned to the United States.[42]. Love and Kisses was released under the Decca label, with moderate success. She could sing sultry ballads, sweet jazz and imitate every instrument in an orchestra. [16][17] Performing in the style of Connee Boswell, she sang "Judy" and "The Object of My Affection" and won first prize. Her manager, Norman Granz, was adamant about protecting his colleagues from discrimination, but it did not stop it from happening. [85], On January 9, 2007, the United States Postal Service announced that Fitzgerald would be honored with her own postage stamp. https://www.biography.com/musician/ella-fitzgerald. Classic Jazz Dinner Party. [2] She was the daughter of William Fitzgerald and Temperance "Tempie" Henry, both described as "mulatto" in the 1920 census. [citation needed]. I knew I wanted to sing before people the rest of my life.. She asked the band to play Hoagy Carmichaels Judy, a song she knew well because Connee Boswells rendition of it was among Tempies favorites. She was an unusual woman a little ahead of her times. 3.82. [9] A few hours after her death, the Playboy Jazz Festival was launched at the Hollywood Bowl. Fitzgerald also loved dancing and singing, often catching shows at the Apollo Theater in Harlem. Female. Although "reluctant to sign herbecause she was gawky and unkempt, a 'diamond in the rough,'"[9] Webb offered her the opportunity to test with his band at a dance at Yale University. [51], Fitzgerald also appeared in TV commercials, her most memorable being an ad for Memorex. "[48], After Pete Kelly's Blues, she appeared in sporadic movie cameos, in St. Louis Blues (1958)[49] and Let No Man Write My Epitaph (1960). She recorded several albums with piano accompaniment, but a guitar proved the perfect melodic foil for her. I owe Marilyn Monroe a real debt, Ella later said. In 1955, Granz created Verve Records for Fitzgerald to expand her repertoire from bebop to other genres of music. All rights reserved. Accessed March 18, 2022. https://www.arts.gov/honors/jazz/ella-fitzgerald. Fitzgerald took on the role of bandleader and recorded over 150 songs between 1935 and 1942. "Ella, elle l'a", a tribute to Fitzgerald written by Michel Berger and performed by French singer France Gall, was a hit in Europe in 1987 and 1988. In 1932, Tempie died from serious injuries that she received in a car accident. Journey, Steve Perry, Kate Bush and more. [43][57] Fitzgerald's appearance with Sinatra and Count Basie in June 1974 for a series of concerts at Caesars Palace, Las Vegas, was seen as an important incentive for Sinatra to return from his self-imposed retirement of the early 1970s. Additionally, when Frances died, Ella felt she had the additional responsibilities of taking care of her sisters family. Biography.com Editors. Her debut will be a duet with dad Ray Brown Jr. singing Ella's first hit, "Tisket-A-Tasket". From 1956-1964, she recorded covers of other musicians albums, including those by Cole Porter, Duke Ellington, the Gershwins, Johnny Mercer, Irving Berlin, and Rodgers and Hart. In 1934 Ellas name was pulled in a weekly drawing at the Apollo and she won the opportunity to compete in Amateur Night. As a result, they were stranded in Honolulu for three days before they could get another flight to Sydney. She received support from numerous celebrity fans, including a zealous Marilyn Monroe. Ella Fitzgerald, known to jazz lovers throughout the world as the First Lady of Song, died Saturday at her Beverly Hills home. Hours later, signs of remembrance began to appear all over the world. Ella Jane Fitzgerald. Ella Jane Fitzgerald (April 25, 1917 - June 15, 1996) was an American jazz vocalist with a vocal range spanning three octaves (D 3 to D 6). In the mid-1940s, she began singing for Jazz at the Philharmonic, a concert series started by her manager, Norman Granz. The 15-year-old found herself broke and alone during the Great Depression, and strove to endure. It was released in the UK in 2019.[56]. Ella Fitzgerald. A wreath of white flowers stood next to her star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, and a marquee outside the Hollywood Bowl theater read, Ella, we will miss you.. Fitzgerald then published her first of eight song books, Fitzgerald became an international star. The surprise success of the 1972 album Jazz at Santa Monica Civic '72 led Granz to found Pablo Records, his first record label since the sale of Verve. When her diabetes forced her to have both of her legs amputated, she traded the stage for sitting in her backyard with her son and granddaughter, Alice. The shows were a great success, and September 1975 saw them gross $1,000,000 in two weeks on Broadway, in a triumvirate with the Count Basie Orchestra. ELAM, Lillian Lucille Russell, Oct 13, 1909 - Sep 17, 1928, daughter of William Hilliard "Buster" Russell and Alice Fitzgerald, wife of R. B. Elam. The world responded with memorials and gratitude for the revolutionary gifts she gave to the world. The song will be featured on Friends & Family", the all-star project of duets with Ray Brown, Jr, produced by Shelly Liebowitz. Date Accessed. The life of the very private and media-shy Ella Fitzgerald has long been shrouded in a mixture of half-truths and fiction. Ella Fitzgerald Sings Christmas. Bridgewater's following album, Live at Yoshi's, was recorded live on April 25, 1998, what would have been Fitzgerald's 81st birthday. Her years with Pablo Records also documented the decline in her voice. [79], Other major awards and honors she received during her career were the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts Medal of Honor Award, National Medal of Art, first Society of Singers Lifetime Achievement Award (named "Ella" in her honor), Presidential Medal of Freedom, and the George and Ira Gershwin Award for Lifetime Musical Achievement, UCLA Spring Sing, and the UCLA Medal (1987). Ella Fitzgerald's Granddaughter Signs First Recording Contract. [69] The Jazz at the Philharmonic tour would specifically target segregated venues. 79. Fitzgerald and Pass appeared together on the albums, Fitzgerald and Duke Ellington recorded two live albums and two studio albums. France followed suit several years later, presenting her with their Commander of Arts and Letters award, while Yale, Dartmouth and several other universities bestowed Ella with honorary doctorates. She had her own side project, too, known as Ella Fitzgerald and Her Savoy Eight.[25]. Ellas half-sister, Frances, was born in 1923 and soon she began referring to Joe as her stepfather. Fueled by enthusiastic supporters, Ella began entering and winning every talent show she could find. son: Ray Brown Jr. Granddaughter: Alice Brown . A later collection devoted to a single composer was released during her time with Pablo Records, Ella Abraa Jobim, featuring the songs of Antnio Carlos Jobim. Unable to adjust to the new circumstances, Ella became increasingly unhappy and entered into a difficult period of her life. Still going strong five years later, she was inducted into the Down Beat magazine Hall of Fame, and received Kennedy Center Honors for her continuing contributions to the arts. Her music consists of more than 10,000 pages of scores, leadsheets and individual musicians parts for more . In addition to her work with Webb, Fitzgerald performed and recorded with the Benny Goodman Orchestra. The song will be featured on "Friends & Family", the all-star project of duets with Ray Brown, Jr, produced by Shelly Liebowitz. There, she was beaten by her caretakers and faced terrible treatment. Fitzgerald then published her first of eight song books, Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Cole Porter Song Book (1956). Fitzgerald went to go live with her aunt in Harlem. Find articles, news, musician pages, and more! Her debut will be a duet with dad Ray Brown Jr. singing Ella's first hit, "Tisket-A-Tasket". . [10] Her stepfather took care of her until April 1933 when she moved to Harlem to live with her aunt. On her last day, she was wheeled . After that, I never had to play a small jazz club again. Her last performance was at Carnegie Hall in New York in 1991. [30] Producer Norman Granz became her manager in the mid-1940s after she began singing for Jazz at the Philharmonic, a concert series begun by Granz. [8], Fitzgerald listened to jazz recordings by Louis Armstrong, Bing Crosby, and The Boswell Sisters. her sons name was ray jr. ella's sister Frances still did take care of ray jr. but he was in ella's custody . The theater is located several blocks away from her birthplace on Marshall Avenue. She quickly became a favorite and frequent guest on numerous programs, including The Bing Crosby Show, The Dinah Shore Show, The Frank Sinatra Show, The Ed Sullivan Show, The Tonight Show, The Nat King Cole Show, The Andy Willams Show and The Dean Martin Show.. Unfortunately, busy work schedules also hurt Ray and Ellas marriage. Her father left the family shortly after her birth, so Ella's mother . On June 15, 1996, Ella Fitzgerald died in her Beverly Hills home. The portrait is on display ahead of the 100th anniversary of Fitzgerald's birth. On March 15, 1955, Ella Fitzgerald opened her initial engagement at the Mocambo nightclub in Hollywood,[36][37] after Marilyn Monroe lobbied the owner for the booking. Her signature style included her iconic vocal range, clear tone and ability to improvise with her hallmark scat singing. Paganini)". Age. "She frequently used shorter, stabbing phrases, and her voice was harder, with a wider vibrato", one biographer wrote. Chicago- Angelucci, Ashley. This did not stop Fitzgerald from continuing to enter singing competitions across the city. April 21, 2022 / Posted By : / get last day of month javascript moment / Under : . The statue's location is one of 14 tour stops on the African American Heritage Trail of Westchester County. Ella Fitzgerald. After her heart surgery and a diabetes diagnosis in 1986, Fitzgerald exceeded expectations by continuing to perform. Dubbed The First Lady of Song, Ella Fitzgerald was the most popular female jazz singer in the United States for more than half a century. The Joy Of Ella Fitzgerald's Accessible Elegance. Date of death: 5 Jun 1996. [14] When the orphanage proved too crowded, she was moved to the New York Training School for Girls, a state reformatory school in Hudson, New York. This is a short thirty-minute lesson on Frances Ellen Watkins Harper. He ensured Fitzgerald was to receive equal pay and accommodations regardless of her sex and race. On the set list was "Mack The Knife," a huge hit . It featured rare footage, radio broadcasts and interviews with Jamie Cullum, Andre Previn, Johnny Mathis, and other musicians, plus a long interview with Fitzgerald's son, Ray Brown Jr.[56]. More. Who is Ella Fitzgerald's granddaughter? Ella quickly quieted the audience, and by the songs end they were demanding an encore. Take the ingenious prologue [or] take the fleeting scenes when the wonderful Ella Fitzgerald, allotted a few spoken lines, fills the screen and sound track with her strong mobile features and voice. She lived in a diverse neighborhood and made friends easily by playing games and sports in the street. ELMORE, Lewis Paris, Son of P. L. & I. M. Elmore, Born and Died Aug 8, 1916 (buried next to Frank and Lura Paris, perhaps their grandson) ENO, Joe Carl, Feb 15, 1940 - Mar 14, 1940 "[43] Amid The New York Times pan of the film when it opened in August 1955, the reviewer wrote, "About five minutes (out of ninety-five) suggest the picture this might have been. The composers and lyricists spotlighted on each set, taken together, represent the greatest part of the cultural canon known as the Great American Songbook. Drawing influence from touring with Dizzy Gillespie, Fitzgerald gained major acclaim in the world of jazz with her scat singing and unique style that inspired singers like Louis Armstrong. She later described the period as strategically crucial, saying, "I had gotten to the point where I was only singing be-bop. Haylee, grand-daughter of Ella Fitzgerald, signed her first recording contract with SRI Jazz. That February she gave an unforgettable performance in West Berlin for an audience of thousands. [72] Although she faced several obstacles and racial barriers, she was recognized as a "cultural ambassador", receiving the National Medal of Arts in 1987 and America's highest non-military honor, the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Despite her declining health, she continued performing, sometimes two shows a day in different cities. Spotify. A-Tisket, A-Tasket (Fitzgerald & Alexander) - Ella Fitzgerald (1938).No Copyright intended Made for fun. Ella was born in April 25, 1917 in Newport news, Virginia . It is an approximate forecast of how rich is Ella Fitzgerald and could vary in the range between $954.3K - $1.8M. We have sent a confirmation email to {USEREMAIL}. Ella spent her final days with her son Ray and 12 year old granddaughter Alice. Accessed March 19, 2022. https://www.npr.org/2019/09/05/749021799/the-joy-of-ella-fitzgeralds-accessible-elegance. Ultimate Symbol Incorporated. Perhaps nave to the circumstances, Ella worked as a runner for local gamblers, picking up their bets and dropping off money. 2022. With Verve she recorded some of her more widely noted works, particularly her interpretations of the Great American Songbook. Fitzgerald also recorded albums exclusively devoted to the songs of Porter and Gershwin in 1972 and 1983; the albums being, respectively, Ella Loves Cole and Nice Work If You Can Get It. Off stage, and away from people she knew well, Ella was shy and reserved. Ella in Rome and Twelve Nights in Hollywood display her vocal jazz canon. 153 ratings22 reviews. In her lifetime, she won 13 Grammy awards and sold over 40 million albums. ELLA: A Biography of the Legendary Ella Fitzgerald. "I just want to smell the air, listen to the birds and hear Alice laugh," she reportedly said. It was the 26th time she performed there. The Grand Opening performers (October 11 and 12, 2008) were Roberta Flack and Queen Esther Marrow. She was laid to rest in the Sanctuary of the Bells section of the Sunset Mission Mausoleum at Inglewood Park Cemetery in Inglewood, Calif. Emails will be sent by or on behalf of Universal Music Group 2220 Colorado Avenue, Santa Monica, CA 90404 (310) 865-4000. For more information contact All About Jazz. The show was so successful that Webb offered to pay Fitzgerald to sing with the band at Harlems Savoy Ballroom. Ella Fitzgerald had one adopted son. Although her intention was to dance, she decided to sing instead after seeing the dance competitors. Sinatra gave her his dressing-room on A Man and His Music and couldn't do enough for her." [12] She never talked publicly about this time in her life. Ann Hampton Callaway, Dee Dee Bridgewater, and Patti Austin have all recorded albums in tribute to Fitzgerald. She left Decca, and Granz, now her manager, created Verve Records around her. When she got into the band, she was dedicated to her musicShe was a lonely girl around New York, just kept herself to herself, for the gig. The sets are the most well-known items in her discography. The second daughter of Queen Victoria's daughter Alice and her husband Louis, heir to the little German Grand Duchy of Hesse, Ella was born into a happy household in 1864. [83] Fitzgerald is also referred to in the 1976 Stevie Wonder hit "Sir Duke" from his album Songs in the Key of Life, and the song "I Love Being Here With You", written by Peggy Lee and Bill Schluger. After gaining much fame from singing her own renditions of famous jazz songs, Fitzgerald began appearing on television shows like The Bing Crosby Show, "The Frank Sinatra Show," and "The Ed Sullivan Show." Accessed March 20, 2022. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ella-Fitzgerald. By the 1990s, Ella had recorded over 200 albums. November 2015. She performed for her peers on the way to school and at lunchtime. She worked as a lookout at a bordello and with a Mafia-affiliated numbers runner. peter macari age. It all began quite modestly, in the town of Newport News, Virginia, where Ella Jane Fitzgerald was born on April 25, 1917. [9] In 1961 Fitzgerald bought a house in the Klampenborg district of Copenhagen, Denmark, after she began a relationship with a Danish man. Fitzgerald features on one track on Basie's 1957 album, Fitzgerald and Joe Pass recorded four albums together toward the end of Fitzgerald's career. [70][73], In 1993, Fitzgerald established the Ella Fitzgerald Charitable Foundation focusing on charitable grants for four major categories: academic opportunities for children, music education, basic care needs for the less fortunate, medical research revolving around diabetes, heart disease, and vision impairment. By the end of her career, she had recorded 2,000 songs, earned fourteen Grammy awards and the Presidential Medal of Freedom (1992). [89], In 2019, Ella Fitzgerald: Just One of Those Things, a documentary by Leslie Woodhead, was released in the UK. During this time, Ella enjoyed sitting outside in her backyard, and spending time with Ray, Jr. and her granddaughter Alice. It featured artists such as Michael Bubl, Natalie Cole, Chaka Khan, Gladys Knight, Diana Krall, k.d. lang, Queen Latifah, Ledisi, Dianne Reeves, Linda Ronstadt, and Lizz Wright, collating songs most readily associated with the "First Lady of Song". [71] In 1954 on her way to one of her concerts in Australia she was unable to board the Pan American flight due to racial discrimination. Privacy Policy | We do not sell or share your personal information | 2023 All About Jazz & Jazz Near You . She was the last of four great female jazz singers (including Billie Holiday, Sarah Vaughan, and Carmen McRae) who defined one of the most prolific eras in jazz vocal style.Ella had extraordinary vocal skills from the time she was a teenager, and joined the Chick . ella fitzgerald granddaughter alice. June 15, 2016. Club d'Elf: Autographed vinyl copies of You Never Know plus As Above (digital), Turtle Bay Records Launches On The Back Porch Video Series Spotlighting NYC Jazz Musicians, March 2023 Jazz Power Women's History Month Celebration. The album was nominated for a Grammy. Spotify. Haylee, grand-daughter of Ella Fitzgerald, signed . Ella Fitzgerald. [6], Starting in third grade, Fitzgerald loved dancing and admired Earl Snakehips Tucker. Bing Crosby, Art Mooney, The Andrews Sisters and more. She died from a stroke on June 15, 1996 at the age of 79. Despite protests by family and friends, including Norman, Ella returned to the stage and pushed on with an exhaustive schedule. Date of birth. Ella continued to work as hard as she had early on in her career, despite the ill effects on her health. Her accompanist Tommy Flanagan affectionately remembered Fitzgerald on his album Lady be Good For Ella (1994). Perhaps in search of stability and protection, Ella married Benny Kornegay, a local dockworker who had been pursuing her. "[9], Days after Fitzgerald's death, The New York Times columnist Frank Rich wrote that in the Song Book series Fitzgerald "performed a cultural transaction as extraordinary as Elvis' contemporaneous integration of white and African-American soul. "I just want to smell the air, listen to the birds and hear Alice laugh," she reportedly said. She used the memories from these times to help gather emotions for performances, and felt she was more grateful for her success because she knew what it was like to struggle in life. Ella Jane Fitzgerald (April 25, 1917 - June 15, 1996) was an American jazz singer from Newport News, Virginia. Allida is tongue-tied with An Impossible Thing to Say by Arya Shahi, in which an Iranian American teen in Arizonafalls in love with the new girl at school, Shakespeare, and rap music while . Ella Fitzgerald & the Tee Carson trio - Summertime (from Porgy and Bess, by George Gershwin).Tee Carson, piano; Keter Betts, bass; Joe Harris, drums.The firs. Fitzgerald also had celebrity supporters, such a Marilyn Monroe, who personally called venues to make sure they booked her for performances. NPR. Elan Mehler, John Coltrane, Chet Baker and more '40s Pop Vocals. Ella spent most of her time with Ray Jr. and her granddaughter, Alice. Granz helped solidify her position as one of the leading live jazz performers.
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