instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by

Explanations must be clear, pertinent to the objectives of the particular lesson to be presented, and based on the known experience and knowledge of the students. The instructor must, therefore, allot enough time for meaningful student activity. Hazardous attitudes contribute to poor pilot judgment and affect the quality of decisions, Attitude can be defined as a personal motivational predisposition to respond to persons, situations, or events in a given manner. The importance of teaching students effective ADM skills can not be overemphasized. Although you are familiar with the area, you do not recognize any landmarks, and fuel is running low. It is important for the flight instructor to answer any questions the student may have as result of a solo flight. AC 60-22, Aeronautical Decision-Making, provides background references, definitions, and other pertinent information about ADM training in the GA environment. He did not consider how fatigue and lack of extensive night flying experience could affect the flight, Fuel exhaustionwith the aircraft fuel supply almost exhausted, the pilot no longer had the option of diverting to avoid rapidly developing thunderstorms. Look at how extraneous chatter with air traffic controllers introduced After an intensive look at ADM, it closes with a discussion of CFI recommendations and endorsements, A CFI must be thoroughly familiar with the functions, characteristics, and proper use of all flight instruments, avionics, and other aircraft systems being used for training. with the proper conduct of those duties. it is a very interesting idea. November 2, 2021 . This begins with recognizing that a change has occurred or that an expected change did not occur. indicated that the pilot was having a conversation with a passenger who Resources must not only be identified, but students must also develop the skills to evaluate whether they have the time to use a particular resource and the impact that its use would have upon the safety of flight. When the aircraft was fueled the following morning, 60 gallons of fuel were required to fill the 62-gallon capacity tanks. These problems are often due to inadequacies of the course or of the instructor. and other activities along the route and were not observing the 'sterile cockpit' As an example, a level turn might be demonstrated and described by the instructor in the following way: Use outside visual references and monitor the flight instruments, After clearing the airspace around the aircraft, add power slightly, turn the aircraft in the desired direction, and apply a slight amount of back pressure on the yoke to maintain altitude. As the reporter soon PBL structures the lessons to confront students with problems that are encountered in real life and forces them to reach real-world solutions. call to the flight attendants on the interphone. For this type of instruction to be fully effective, the use of instrument references should begin the first time each new maneuver is introduced. If you want the pool skills, get the pool drills! The rate at which the aircraft rolls depends on how much aileron deflection is used. FAR 121.542 In addition, it should be demonstrated in the same sequence in which it was explained so as to avoid confusion and provide reinforcement. For example, changes to regulatory requirements may affect the wording, or the instructor may customize the endorsement for any special circumstances of the applicant. The instructor must quickly evaluate the students need for help, and not hesitate to take control, if required. A radio enables the instructor to terminate the solo operation if he or she observes a situation developing. Commonly known as the "sterile cockpit rule," these regulations specifically prohibit crew member performance of non-essential duties or activities while the aircraft is involved in taxi, takeoff, landing, and all other flight operations conducted below 10,000 feet MSL, except cruise flight. According to NTSB accident data, inflight encounters with weather (attempting VFR flight into IMC) is one of the most lethal types of GA flying, Integrated flight instruction begins with the first briefing on the function of the flight controls. cockpit needs to be cleaned up. using engine anti-ice for takeoff during a blinding snow storm. If the flight instructor has trained and prepared the applicant competently, the applicant should have no problem passing the practical test, A flight instructor who fails to ensure a student meets the requirements of regulations prior to endorsing solo flight or additional rating exhibits a serious deficiency in performance. This frequently limits the students perceptive ability and retards the development of insights. cockpit rider not be allowed to create distractions. Instancia integrada por cuatro diputados miembros de la Comisin Jurisdiccional, que tiene a su cargo practicar todas las diligencias necesarias para la comprobacin de la conducta o hecho de responsabilidad poltica y/o penal de algn servidor pblico incluido en el artculo 110 constitucional . When the instructor suspects this, students should be required to vary the performance of the maneuver slightly, combine it with other operations, or apply the same elements to the performance of other maneuvers. Federwisch M, Ramos H, Adams S' C. Am J Nurs. (a) No certificate holder shall In addition to the necessary steps, the instructor should describe the end result of these efforts. It is recommended that the Captain, during the pre-departure Some POHs call for mixture to be enriched during an emergency descent, but what if the powerplant is engulfed in flames? For example, locating an item on a chart or setting a radio frequency may be delegated to another pilot or passenger, an autopilot (if available) may be used, or ATC may be enlisted to provide assistance, This chapter discussed the demonstration-performance and telling-and-doing training delivery methods of flight instruction, SBT techniques, practical strategies flight instructors can use to enhance their instruction, integrated flight instruction, positive exchange of flight controls, use of distractions, obstacles to learning encountered during flight training, and how to evaluate students. a very fine elucidation. that flight attendant calls or entry during this time be undertaken only for This can be accomplished by frequently reviewing flight information publications, such as 14 CFR and the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM), as well as by pursuing additional training, A thorough understanding of all the equipment and systems in the aircraft is necessary to fully utilize all resources. This may be done as each procedure or maneuver is completed or summarized during postflight critiques. The minimum standards to pass the checkride should not be introduced until the 3 hours of preparation for the checkride. items totally unrelated to flying. The review shows that there are several practical concepts including Crew Resource Management, checklists and readbacks, sterile cockpit, and human factors of fatigue and stress that healthcare . Thirty-six fatalities. Tension and apprehension apparently contribute to airsickness and should be avoided, Fatigue is one of the most treacherous hazards to flight safety as it may not be apparent to a pilot until serious errors are made. An implicit prerequisite for the evidence-based transfer of such a concept to the clinical domain, however, is the clear definition of periods of high mental workload. require, nor may any flight crew member perform any duties during a critical For a student, this may take the form of a desire to make an early solo flight, or to set out on cross-country flights before the basic elements of flight have been learned, The impatient student fails to understand the need for preliminary training and seeks only the ultimate objective without considering the means necessary to reach it. instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by. Informing the tower of the balked landing should be accomplished only after these tasks are completed. This reviewer used the ASRS database by flight attendants during the sterile cockpit period can be distracting and Hazardous attitudes need to be noticed immediately and corrected with the proper antidote to minimize the potential for any flight hazard, Learning how to recognize and cope with stress is another effective ADM tool. In either case, unless adequate precautions are taken, personal performance could be impaired and adversely affect pilot judgment and decision-making, Dehydration is the term given to a critical loss of water from the body. Since students generally imitate the instructors performance, the instructor must demonstrate the skill exactly the way the students are expected to practice it, including all safety procedures that the students must follow. For example, during a go-around, adding power, gaining airspeed, and properly configuring the aircraft are priorities. In assessing the ability of a student, the instructor initially determines if he or she understands the procedure or maneuver. All of the students physical and mental faculties are brought into play. Most pilots grew up on great movies like "Top Gun" and "Battle of Britain," and along with them, a cornucopia of nonstandard but truly entertaining communications like "tally-ho on that traffic," "climbing to angels 21" and" bandits at 12 o'clock high" began appearing in the vernacular of Cessna 172 and Piper Cherokee . [Figure 8-2], Assignment of goals the student considers difficult, but possible, usually provides a challenge and promotes learning. When teaching more than one skill at the same time, the simple-to-complex strategy works well. With the flight vividly etched in the students memory, questions about the flight will come quickly, Correction of student errors should not include the practice of immediately taking the controls away when a mistake is made. A student may show an initial tendency to move the bar in the direction of the desired turn. As a pilot gains experience, he or she will develop a consistent roll-in and roll-out technique for various types of turns. clearances and altitude deviations) increases when a crew member is out of the The examples shown contain the essential elements of each endorsement. These two dates should be the same, Completion of prerequisites for a practical test is another instructor task that must be documented properly. Sometimes, sound ADM calls for going against procedure. The instructor should ensure that the student has the ability to recognize a work overload situation. These demands can be either pleasant or unpleasant in nature. After reaching his destination, the pilot did not request refueling. feet MSL (mean sea level). She now considers the expected outcome of each possible action and assesses the risks involved. The report cited the pilot and co-pilot for poor Creating the impression of talking down to the student is one of the fastest ways for an instructor to lose student confidence and attention. It is just as important that a student be advanced to the subsequent step as soon as one goal has been attained, as it is to complete each step before the next one is undertaken. ATC can help decrease pilot workload by providing traffic advisories, radar vectors, and assistance in emergency situations. was extraneous conversation between cockpit crew members. As discussed in the section on flight instructor qualifications, instructors must be familiar with the components of each aircraft in which they instruct to ensure students understand the operation of the equipment, Checklists are essential flight deck resources for verifying that the aircraft instruments and systems are checked, set, and operating properly, as well as ensuring that the proper procedures are performed if there is a system malfunction or inflight emergency. Communication is the key. However, these procedures require The self-assessment is followed by an in-depth discussion between the instructor and the student which compares the instructors assessment to the students self-assessment, The demonstration-performance method can be applied to the telling-and-doing technique of flight instruction in three steps. Nowhere does Webster's define "sight-seeing" Also associated with pilot skill evaluations during flight training are the stage checks conducted in FAA-approved school courses and the practical tests for pilot certificates and ratings, In assessing piloting ability, it is important for the flight instructor to keep the student informed of progress. SMALL TALK, BIG DISTRACTION: TAKING A LOOK AT THE STERILE COCKPIT CONCEPT THROUGH THE LENS OF HELICOPTER OPERATIONS But as this review when climbing above 10,000 feet. The overall focus of flight training should be on education, learning, and understanding why the standards are there and how they were set. Flight Instructors and the Sterile Cockpit Rule These two reports represent the dilemma all flight instructors face when applying the sterile cockpit rule to actual flight instruction. Instructors should also take care to clearly describe the actions students are expected to perform. A pilot in command (PIC) must know when to tell any passengers, even a DPE, when the PIC finds actions in the aircraft that distract and interfere with the safe conduct of the flight, Integrated flight instruction is flight instruction during which students are taught to perform flight maneuvers both by outside visual references and by reference to flight instruments. cockpit rule. involving high elevation airports, where 10,000 feet MSL for the sterile cockpit As experience is gained, a pilot learns to recognize future workload requirements and can prepare for high workload periods during times of low workload. This is especially important due to the wide variety in global positioning systems (GPS) and glass panel displays, It is the personal responsibility of each flight instructor to maintain familiarity with current pilot training techniques and certification requirements. It is important that the student understand options that may be available to decrease workload. to maintain a sterile cockpit environment is before beginning a trip. Some operators use surface to 18,000 feet as the "sterile zone", while others apply the sterile cockpit principle from Top of Descent/Pre-Descent checklist, in the descent, and up to Top of Climb/En-Route checklist, on departure. Anxious students can be incredibly strong and usually exhibit reactions inappropriate to the situation. Note: Taxi is defined Motivation also declines when a student believes the instructor is making unreasonable demands for performance and progress. to flying the aircraft. Chronic fatigues underlying cause is generally not "rest-related" and may have deeper points of origin. by the conversation. The instructor realized too late that the gear was still up. The first noticeable effect of dehydration is fatigue, which in turn makes top physical and mental performance difficult, if not impossible. the aircraft. The self-assessment is followed by an in-depth discussion between the instructor and the student which compares the instructors assessment to the students self-assessment, During the students first solo flight, the instructor must be present to assist in answering questions or resolving any issues that arise during the flight. Students need to know not only what they will learn, but also how they will learn itthat is, how the lesson will proceed and how they will be evaluated. She verifies that the original calculations are correct and considers factors that may have lengthened the time between checkpoints, such as a climb or deviation off course. When the pilot becomes task saturated, there is no awareness of inputs from various sources; decisions may be made on incomplete information, and the possibility of error increases. It also provides methods flight instructors can teach students to use practical risk management tools and discusses how to evaluate student decision-making. The services provided by ATC can be invaluable in enabling pilots to make informed inflight decisions. Instructors need to be involved in all aspects of the flight to ensure the student utilizes correct flight procedures. For example, if the student consistently makes a decision not to fly, even though weather briefings indicate favorable conditions, it may be due to apprehension regarding the lesson content. The possible consequences, both to themselves and to others, of experiments with flight operations in weather conditions below visual flight rules (VFR) minimums before they are instrument rated should be constantly impressed on the students. For example, in a weight-shift control aircraft the control bar is moved right to turn left. Before endorsing a student for solo flight, the instructor should require the student to demonstrate consistent ability to perform all of the fundamental maneuvers, Instructors should teach students how to solve ordinary problems encountered during flight. Full stop landings help the student develop aircraft control and checklist usage. (Accident/Incident Briefs).

Robin Peterson Brother, Broyhill Autumn Cove Collection Big Lots, Articles I