penelope epithets in the odyssey

"Of all creatures that breathe and move upon the earth, nothing is bred that is weaker than man.". 476 lessons. When the suitors begin invading her house and asking, then demanding, her hand in marriage, Penelope knows she must handle them herself. Character Analysis Penelope. Aeolus. 17.16 subtle Odysseus. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Ameirk), Arnacia (Greek , translit. The story follows the journey of Odysseus, King of Ithaca, who wandered for 10 years while trying to return home from the Trojan War. Despite those great hero traits Odysseus embodies, he demonstrates great weaknesses humans have in commonpride, irresponsibility toward his crews, and revengeful heart, these flaws ultimately brought demise and trouble to his men and himself, which constantly reminds the audience that Homer represents Odysseus as another human, rather than a hero. She asks a servant to move the bed that she and Odysseus once shared, but Odysseus interrupts and says that moving the bed will be impossible, because one of its legs is a living olive tree. For example her determination to wait and to mislead the suitors for so long shows that she had great intelligence and perseverance. Many unmarried men started to suspect that Odysseus had died in the war or on the way back from the war, so . Penelope, a Greek mythology character who would have been familiar to ancient audiences, was the daughter of Icarius of Sparta and a nymph named Perioboea. Ten of those years were spent fighting the Trojan Warthe trick of the Trojan Horse, which led to a Greek victory, was his ideabut nobody had heard from him since. 17.306 The man who'd borne long years abroad. a. allows suspense to build c. foreshadows the ending b. In the narrative and in Greek society women played a variety of roles, as mothers, herons, and many other strong roles yet, they were treated as less significant, and were made to be loyal and . Sasha Blakeley has a Bachelor's in English Literature from McGill University and a TEFL certification. But Penelope was cautious; she had not seen Odysseus in twenty years and wanted to make sure that this man was really her husband. The couple lived together in Odysseus small island kingdom of Ithaca, where they had a son named Telemachus. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. At one point, they even tried to murder Telemachus. When Odysseus succeeds in shooting the arrow through the axes, she has one more test for him. As in "The Iliad", Homer makes frequent use of "epithets" in "The Odyssey", descriptive tags used regularly to fill out a line of verse as well as to provide detail about character, such as Odysseus "the raider of cities" and Menelaus "the red-haired captain". He beats us over the head with epithets like "clear-headed Telemachos," "wise Penelope," or "Odysseus, master mariner and soldier." The repeated use of a word or phrase for the same person, place, or object. Rosy-Fingered Dawn is an epithet from Homers Odyssey, a portent of new beginnings in an ongoing journey. However, Penelope is not a pasteboard figure. Soon they had a son named Telemachus. Telemachus exclaims that he has the power, he further illustrates how he has power over his mother because he is a male in a male-dominated society. Get unlimited access to over 88,000 lessons. Smith, William. Husband of Penelope, King of Ithaka, Greek hero, and father of Telemachus; Came up with idea of Trojan Horse. Penelope's wit is also shown in her scheme to mislead the suitors by saying that they must wait for her to weave a shroud for Odysseus's father Laertes. However, as a . Robert S. P. Beekes, Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden: Brill, 2009), 1186; Pierre Chantraine, Dictionnaire tymologique de la langue grecque (Paris: Klincksieck, 1974), 3:897; cf. Chapter 17. It is a tag or nickname that can be used on its own or together with the real name. Although penelope show loyalty and faithfulness in both text, there difference in the level of her knowledge. A. T. Murray. () Penelope's spirit is one of concentration" (108). 1121 likes. Accessed August 31, 2021. https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DP%3Aentry+group%3D13%3Aentry%3Dpenelope-bio-1. This may be an alternate name for Poliporthes/Ptoliporthes. Most notably, Margaret Atwoods The Penelopiad (2005) tells the story of Homers Odyssey from Penelopes point of view. The conceit, at first glance, isn't all that complicated: what if The Odyssey were a space journey, and all the original story's men . She was saved, however, by ducks, which in Greek are called pnelopes. He rejects the offer of immortality so that one day he may return to and be united with his family again. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. In what appears to have been a well-known tradition, Odysseus had no sooner returned to Ithaca than he was forced to leave again on another odyssey, this time to do penance for blinding Poseidons son Polyphemus. Only Odysseusstill disguised as a lowly beggarwas able to string the bow and shoot an arrow through the axe rings. Perseus Digital Library. Strabo (64/63 BCEca. Penelope (pnlp), in Greek mythology [1], wife of Odysseus and the mother of Telemachus. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. The poem describes, through the characters of Telemachus, Odysseus, and Penelope, ways to live rich and heroic lives. Learn about Penelope, the wife of Odysseus from the ''Odyssey.'' Athena in the Odyssey by Homer | Character Analysis & Role. But in my version, I have chosen deliberately to interpret these epithets in several different ways, depending on the demands of the scene at hand. [5], Penelopes father was Icarius. While the readers could focus on the triumphs and accomplishments of Odysseus, Odysseus has done wrongs. Scholia on Homers Odyssey 1.275, 1.277, 4.797. 15201527). Penelope Though she has not seen Odysseus in twenty years, and despite pressure the suitors place on her to remarry, Penelope never loses faith in her husband. So far I have argued that Penelope's myths, above all the Pandareid myths, have special affinity to their poetic environment in the Odyssey, namely a crisis and a turning point from dissolution to "light and life," which in the Odyssey is marked by the festival of Apollo. Penelope is an extremely clever woman who could match Odysseus in his wit. She falls far short of you, your beauty, stature. She embraces him and praises his homecoming. One important element of all Homeric works is the inclusion of epithets, which are repeated phrases used to describe characters. How did Penelope characterize Helen in The Penelopiad? 180 CE): Penelope and several myths about her are mentioned in the Description of Greece, a second-century CE travelogue and, like Strabos Geography, an important source for local myths and customs. He always used this phrase to describe Dawn, and the way she would cast light upon the world. Updated 1 minute 7 seconds ago|3/3/2023 12:21:01 AM. 123) His words express that not only has Penelope deceived them already, she is quite capable of doing it again. This really proves how trustworthy Penelope really is stating how no one else had been in their bed. Telemachus leaves home to search for his father without telling his mother, which distresses her greatly. It is an attempt at reading the "Odyssey" from Penelope's point of view, which is grounded in the fact that the structure of the "Odyssey" points to such a perspective. Penelope. Mythopedia, 8 Dec. 2022. https://mythopedia.com/topics/penelope. Her kleos is identified through the epithets associated with her, namely her virtue, noble thoughts, excellence, constancy, and clever schemes. If Penelope would have given in, The Odyssey would not have ended with Odysseus returning to a loyal home. 100; Herodotus, Histories 2.145; Cicero, On the Nature of the Gods 3.56; Apollodorus, Epitome 7.38; Hyginus, Fabulae 224; Servius on Virgils Aeneid 2.44; John Tzetzes on Lycophrons Alexandra 772. Odysseus is aware of all that a goddess could offer, Penelope has a very complex and interesting character. Penelope was left behind when Odysseus left for the trojan war, but he didnt come back after that. While Penelope speaks of disappearance and loss, her diction and the context of her prayer hint that there is a possibility of re-emergence and return. When Penelope and Odysseus are reunited, Odysseus kills his wife's other suitors. These examples are from the Penguin Classics translation: if you are reading a different translation, they may appear in a . Penelope. In The Oxford Classical Dictionary, 4th ed., edited by Simon Hornblower, Antony Spawforth, and Esther Eidinow, 11023. When Penelope tells her story to the "beggar" (Odysseus in disguise), she cannot help boasting a little about her ability to deceive the suitors. Ancient commentators have noted that, in some sources, Penelopes original name was Ameirace (Greek , translit. At some points, she even wished for death: Would that pure Artemis would even now give so soft a death, that I might no more waste my life away with sorrow at heart, longing for the manifold excellence of my dear husband, for that he was pre-eminent among the Achaeans. I have tried above to tease out possible pointers to a connection between Apollo and the Pandareids, suggesting that their myths are suited to appear in the context of Apollos festival in the, For her part, Artemis also has ties to the themes important in the mythology of the halcyon and, in all likelihood, of the. Some critics dismiss Penelope as a paragon of marital fidelity a serious and industrious character, a devoted wife and mother, but one who lacks the fascination and zest for life that some of Homer's immortal women display. Euripides has Odysseus as the chief architect of the death of Astyanax. Pnelpeia) has been disputed since antiquity. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. In some versions, Penelope slept with either Apollo, Hermes, or all of the suitors who came to court her in Odysseus absence. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Like The Odyssey itself, it is a . Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. She is a complicated woman with a wry sense of destiny who weaves her plots as deftly as she weaves a garment. a traditional story that reflects a culture's beliefs about its origins or about an element of nature; does not have a known author; has been passed down orally from ancient times Zeus king of the gods and ruler of mankind; god of the sky Hera queen of the gods; wife of Zeus Athena Her husband, disguised as a beggar, has returned and is in the crowd, but Penelope seems to recognize him only gradually. . "The storm-tossed great Odysseus" is a very appropriate epithet since it describes Odysseus' long journey on the sea towards home. Homer, Odyssey 1.329 and passim; Apollodorus, Library 3.10.6; etc. From this union, she gave birth to Pan, a half-goat woodland deity. Penelope is a very well portrayed character and she is needed in the story to be someone Odysseus could always be someone to come back, But now since you have given me accurate proof describing our bed, which no other mortal man beside has ever seen, but only you and I so you persuade my heart, though it has been very stubborn (Homers Odyssey, book 23. lines 225-230). By clark February 11, 2022. For example, The Odyssey's writing has a lot of repetitions and formu The repeated use of a word or phrase for the same person, place, or object. Accessed on 2 Mar. So she spoke, and the golden-throned Eos came at once. Thus in the Odyssey books 1 - 4 you will find several epithets including "bright eyed Athena" "sensible" Telemachus, "rosy fingered dawn" and "wise" Penelope. The two key locations on Ithaca are the palace of Odysseus and the hut of the swineherd Eumaeus. At the beginning of Homers Odyssey, Odysseus has been absent from Ithaca for twenty years. Penelope. In Brills New Pauly, edited by Hubert Cancik, Helmuth Schneider, Christine F. Salazar, Manfred Landfester, and Francis G. Gentry. Penelope. Mythopedia, December 08, 2022. https://mythopedia.com/topics/penelope. In the great epic poem by Homer, Odyssey, Odysseus embodies the classic hero quality Greek culture respectsbravery and intelligence. There, Telemachus married Circe, while Telegonus married Penelope. Chaucers Wife of Bath has similar independence and cunning, but she makes her name as a domineering lady that chooses who she wants, and when she wants them. The Odyssey describes Odysseus' long journey home after the Trojan War. Just, Penelope, just as Odysseus, portrayed the great human trait of patience. It speaks to the opening of this new exhibition space in an academic realm with visionary and pedagogical potential. > Godlike, wise, goodly, noble, divine, Zeus-born, glorious, great-hearted, hapless, enduring, 'of many wiles', 'son of Laertes', 'sacker of cities', 'of many devices', renowned, cunning, resour. Penelope may have good mythological reasons for assuming the role of a solar consort to Odysseus: it is not an. 24 CE): Penelope and her family are mentioned a few times in Book 10 of the Geography, a late first-century BCE geographical treatise and an important source for many local Greek myths, institutions, and religious practices from antiquity. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". This shows us two ways Penelope is like her husband: first, she's a skilled deceiver, and second, she's proud of it. Create your account. She also wished to protect the inheritance of her son Telemachus, who was just entering adulthood. One of the most important parts of Penelope's story is Penelope's shroud. Asked 2/6/2018 1:17:07 PM. Women are important to the plot and overall theme of the Odyssey. Penelope is the wife of Odysseus in the Odyssey by Homer. Because of this, she was renamed Penelope. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. 3 What is an epithet in the Odyssey Book 9? She uses her cunning to fend off 108 other suitors who are vying for her hand on the assumption that Odysseus is either dead or is never going to return. Patroclus was Achilles dear friend and quite different from him. Beginning of the Dialogue: Setting up the Third Cretan Lie, 16. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. When Telegonus discovered his mistake, he buried Odysseus and mourned his death. Kapach, Avi. Without Telemachos and Penelope, he would not know familial love. Another instance in which Penelope upholds the patriarchal Greek values is in The Penelopiad, an account of The Odyssey, which shows the events of The Odyssey in the eyes of Penelope. Her father Icarius challenged the men to a footrace and promised his daughter to the winner, who turned out to be Odysseus. She did what it took to fend off the suitors with hope that her husband would come back for her. The Return of Ulysses: A Cultural History of Homers Odyssey. Penelope characterizes Helen as vain, cruel, and flirtatious. When Odysseus finally did make it back to Ithaca, he killed the suitors and was at last reunited with his beloved wife. Penelope also has a sense of humor. The rays of light from each sunrise looked similar to fingers of pink and red. Rhetorical questions posed by various characters throughout the story demonstrate how. Also called the Homeric epithet, fixed epithets are commonly used in epic poetry. 2022 Wasai LLC. She is mortal after all and you, you never age or dieNevertheless I long-I pine, all my days-to travel home and see the dawn of my return (Book V, lines 239-243). She is the one that he thinks of when he is stranded at sea and it is the promise of their reunion that keeps him going. Zurich: Artemis, 1994. This means that Penelope must continue to allow them to abuse the hospitality that was expected at that time, and all she can do is try to outsmart the suitors until her husband comes home. [35], When Odysseus came home and discovered that Penelope had been unfaithful, he either banished her,[36] killed her,[37] or left Ithaca to continue his wanderings.[38]. Odysseus's twenty-year absence has finally resulted in the palace being overrun by 108 suitors for. Cite Book and line number Character Epithet - Book and line # _____ _____ Odysseus: -"the man of twists and turns" (I.1) -"Great Odysseus" (I.228) -"King Odysseus" (I.456) -"godlike man" (II.261) -"Odysseus of Ithaca" (II . She does very little but lie in bed and weep. The use of similar adjectives is another . This even shows how clever Penelope was because she could have come right out and asked him a question that he would only know but she waited, so she wouldnt get her hopes up but also find the real truth since it had been so long since she seen her husband. Epithets in the Odyssey. Homer, The Odyssey. Penelope is an important character in the Odyssey, an epic poem attributed to the ancient Greek writer Homer. Penelope feels that she is living in Helen's shadow and often compares herself to her. 1) Great - his bravery was known to many; 2) Versatile - he quickly adjusted to new situations; 3) Strategist - he was exceptional at the art of war; 4) Master Mariner - he could captain a ship any where in the world; 5) Raider of Cities - he conquered the city of Troy. Penelope must await her husband patiently and, above all, chastely, even as Odysseus takes several divine lovers during his travelsincluding Circe and Calypsowithout a second thought. Patroclus. In the beginning of the story, Penelopes most prominent qualities are passivity, loyalty, and patience (along with beauty and skill at the loom) the age-old feminine virtues. Penelope By Avi Kapach Last updated on Dec 8, 2022 Overview Penelope was a beautiful princess from Sparta, best known for marrying the hero Odysseus. Question|Asked by monkeylikesbananas. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996. 1 Answer/Comment. 110ca. One of the most noticeable features of Homer's Odyssey. Penelope continues to be evoked in modern pop culture. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Penelope from Homer's Odyssey at the best online prices at eBay! Once again, Penelope is wise and patient in her decision-making. . 17.624 the patient man (Odysseus) 17.667 the canny prince (Telemachus) For Penelope, weaving becomes a form of resistance: every day, she weaves the shroud, and every night she undoes her weaving. She wrongly reassures the suitors that once she finishes weaving a gift for Odysseuss father, she will choose someone to marry her, Young men, my suitors, let me finish my weaving, before I marryevery day she wove on the great loom but every night by torchlight she unwove it. (II. Homer (eighth century BCE): Penelope is one of the main characters in the Odyssey, especially the epics second half. Melantho has been sleeping with one of the suitors and has been abusing Odysseus-the-beggar. She uses cunning to avoid remarriage, because she still believes that Odysseus will come home, and moreover, she still loves him. Wilson does the same with the stock epithets of all the characters of the Odyssey, major as . Pausanias, Description of Greece 8.12.6; Apollodorus, Epitome 7.38. Penelope's defining myth of the weaving of the shroud is her most recognized deceit for which she is praised. Answer (1 of 5): Well, this is a question for Google/Wikipedia/reading the poem if ever I saw one..! She understands that she may not be able to physically fight the suitors but she can trick them until Telemachus or Odysseus are able to. The epithets used throughout the poem show how Penelopes strength and cleverness that allow her to manipulate the suitors and avoid marriage. The relationship between Penelope and Odysseus is extremely important to the story. pnelops.. 2 What are examples of epithets in the Odyssey? Just as when rose-fingered Dawn took Orion for herself. Penelope uses her intelligence and slyness again as she tells them whoever wins an archery contest using Odysseus bow, which only he could use, she would marry. Penelope, in the Odyssey, is recognized as the quintessential faithful wife. When Penelope first reunites with Odysseus, she does not recognize him and tries to find out about him. "The Odyssey" is a narrative poem written by Homer (around 800 and 600 BCE) to show the numerous adventures and experiences Odysseus goes through. Mythopedia. Ovid (43 BCE17/18 CE): The first of the Heroides takes the form of a letter from Penelope to the long-lost Odysseus. Though Penelope originally played an important role in several works of ancient literature, many of these (for example, the epics Nostoi and the Telegony) no longer survive. What are examples of epithets? From the Greek term that means "added," it is a useful literary or rhetorical device when describing a character for the reader. Mackail, J. W. Penelope in the Odyssey. She worries that Odysseus prefers Helen to her. . This repetition of what come to be stock phrases create a. Eros, Night, Darkness, Brightness, Day, Cyclopes, Hecatoncheires, Titans. Penelope is a loyal and patient character. Regarding Penelope: From Character to Poetics. Odysseus is a warrior in the Trojan War, and the Odyssey covers his return home after many long years. 39 chapters | This worked for a while, but eventually Penelope was betrayed by Melantho, one of her handmaids and a lover of the suitor Eurymachus.[30]. Also, she could have asked any question, but she knew this was the one thing that would get Odysseus all worked up to find out the truth. Penelope is mortal, yet Odysseus still chooses her because she has still surpassed her weaknesses in a way that compels her husband to choose her instead of an immortal. 1.17 the lustrous goddess (Calypso) 1.19 when the wheeling seasons brought the year around. His character is deeply contradictory: he is both a cunning champion and a plaything of the gods, a wise commander and a vainglorious braggart. She tells her suitors that she will not be ready to marry until she has finished weaving a burial shroud for Odysseus' father, Laertes. Penelope, a Greek mythology character who would have been familiar to ancient audiences, was the daughter of Icarius of Sparta and a nymph named Perioboea. After Antinoos recommends that Penelope be dismissed from the house, Telemakhos responds by saying can I banish her will the mother who bore me and took care of me? (II. Laertes lives away from the city, sorrowful for his missing son. In speaking with Calypso, Odysseus describes Penelope: Look at my wise Penelope. Penelope also loves her son, Telemachus, but she knows that he is too young and nave to be able to help her fend off her suitors. High School World History: Tutoring Solution, History of Ancient Greece: Tutoring Solution, Who is the Greek God Hephaestus? Penelope. In A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Many readers admire Odysseys heroic qualities, ignoring the fact Odyssey also had weaknesses. It does not store any personal data. Though this is a very ancient myth, the image of Penelope at the loom was not popularized in the visual arts until much later in European history. Penelope decides that the best way to avoid remarriage is to create an impossible archery contest. The Odyssey, Book 19, lines 99-104. Penelope, wife of Odysseus, is finally reunited with her husband at the end of the poem. Whenever people hear the word hero, they portray in their minds a perfect person, who always choose the correct decisions, and saves many people; but not all heroes demonstrate a flawless life and deserve the title hero. Free shipping for many products! She had promised Odysseus that she would not marry until their son, Telemakos, reached the age of adulthood. Were building the worlds most authoritative, online mythology resource, with engaging, accessible content that is both educational and compelling to read. Penelope feels that she is living in Helens shadow and often compares herself to her. Fixed epithet. Menelaus assembled an army of all the greatest kings and heroes of Greece, and Odysseus was forced to join. Meanwhile, Odysseus son Telegonuswhom Odysseus had conceived with the sorceress Circe while making his way home from Troyhad come to Ithaca to find his father. Furthermore, an additional element can be added to Simonides presentation of the myth of Idas and Marpessa on the basis of the, , At that time in their house her father and her lady mother, When Penelope laments and prays to Artemis on the day of Apollos festival and when she mentions abduction by the snatching winds, a fall into Okeanos, death by an arrow of Artemis, separation from Odysseus, and the daughters of Pandareos, it seems that she does much more than simply re-enact her role as a bride. In Penelope's narrative, Helen runs away from Menelaus with Paris, a Trojan prince, inciting the Trojan War and causing Odysseus to leave Ithaca. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. When Odysseus and Penelope reunite, but before Penelope recognizes her husband, he says this to her as an acknowledgment of her suffering. Penelope had to take care of their son, their estate, and their servants for 20 years. An epithet is a descriptive term or qualifier that identifies an attribute. Apollodorus, Epitome 7.3637, who adds that Circe sent Telegonus and his new wife Penelope to live in the Isles of the Blessed (but makes no mention of Telemachus marrying Circe). She remains faithful to him during his absence and is overwhelmed with love when she finally recognizes him again. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Book II Summary: At daybreak, Telemachus calls an assembly of the suitors and other islanders. [10], Penelope had multiple siblings, though their names and even their number vary across different sources. Penelope is also very kind, which we see when she interacts with the servants and her son. Odysseus is the King of Ithaca, and he is the main protagonist in Homer's poems, the Iliad and the Odyssey. The etymology of the name Penelope (Greek , translit. When Odysseus went to fight in the Trojan War, Penelope awaited his return for twenty yearsthe ten years of the war, and another ten as Odysseus was tossed about at sea trying to get home. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. In the seventeenth year of his absence, the young men of Odysseus kingdom108 of them in total, according to Homer[26]flocked to his palace to seek Penelopes hand in marriage. Arnaa).[4]. "(Page 20, Book 2). "There is a time for many words, and there is also a time for sleep.". Penelope is an elegant Greek name that means "weaver." Its origin is traced back to Homer's epic poem "The Odyssey," a staple of Greek mythology that reached immense fame across the world. 1.24 the great Odysseus. . It was probably composed near the end of the 8th Century BCE and is, in part, a sequel to "The Iliad". Eustathius on Homers Odyssey 1.344; scholia on Homers Odyssey 4.797 (citing Didymus). What are various methods available for deploying a Windows application? Penelope's bright mind, even though she is mortal, is often represented by rhetorical questions that are posed by various characters throughout the story. Penelope, in the Odyssey, is recognized as the quintessential faithful wife. The Iliad is set in the 10th year of the war, the Odyssey in the aftermath as its hero, Odysseus, spends 10 more years trying to get home.These epics are both stories of men and each one begins with an appeal to tell the . This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The time period took place in Ancient Greece, allowing Greek culture to relate to the poem. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. She is a virtuous wife, and is faithful to her husband and protects his household (or oikos, as the Greeks would have it). Book 1. Penelope in the Odyssey, the poem by Homer, is the faithful wife of Odysseus (or Ulysses for the Romans). Each person has their low points and highlights, regardless of their rank. Spiritual Growth and Coming of Age The first four books of The Odyssey, known as Telemacheia, follow Odysseus' son Telemachus. 139) Penelope is not only extraordinarily clever, but she is also a caring and loyal mother. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. The same themes turn out to be not only appropriate for the festival of Apollo, but essential to it, so that both Penelope and Odysseus seem inseparable from the festival, not in the sense that there could never be an, http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebook:CHS_Levaniouk.Eve_of_the_Festival.2011, 1.

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