pros and cons of descriptive representation

Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138. 2-3:30 pm So if we did a study on say How many gangs are in Los Angeles? This will give us an answer of how many of something, like a situation that is being studied. Social Science Quarterly, 84(2), 441460. Journal of Politics, 72, 90104. It is more difficult to have extremism in government when proportional representation is in place as a full majority is more difficult to achieve. American Journal of Political Science, 640652. The figure below presents the difference in the likelihood of a voter believing that their ballot, ballots locally, and ballots across the state are counted accurately with and without the presence of descriptive representation. Copyright 2023 The President and Fellows of, The Black Agenda with Anna Gifty Opoku-Agyeman, Continuing Conflict: Old Challenges and New Debates, Revenge of the Patriarchs Why Autocrats Fear Women, We are a tinderbox: Political violence is ramping up, experts warn, Eliana La Ferrara: An economist looking at the world through a wider lens, Hourly and gig workers have it worse than we thoughtand why that matters for u, The reversal of reproductive rights in America is contrary to global trends. Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive research. Vincent. Abney, F. G., & Hutcheson, J. D. (1981). Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive research. 1. Descriptive research can be used to classify the data collected in the study that is being carried out, separating them into different categories of description. & Kuklinski, J. H. (1979). Limits of Descriptive Representation. Baker, A., & Cook, C. (2005). This form of research provides insight on human nature, we are able to understand basic psychological processes from this. Here are some of the most important characteristics of descriptive research: In descriptive research, the researcher has no control over any of the variables that affect the event or problem under investigation. The collection of data is quick and easy to conduct, especially when doing surveys. It evaluates empirical evidence on the impact of race, gender, and ethnicity on the behavior of legislators. Black faces in the mirror: African Americans and their representatives in the US Congress. The benefits of descriptive research include that it is a great way to get a snapshot of a situation and can identify trends or patterns. Political power and womens representation in Latin America. The advantages of descriptive research include that it is easy to conduct, can be used to gather large amounts of data, and can provide a baseline for future research. Atkeson, L. R., & Carrillo, N. (2007). This is different than a direct system of representation, where each seat is put up to a vote for a specific candidate, regardless of what party to which they associate. Having more voices can be a good thing, but it can also create a discord that makes it impossible to government. I claim that a . PubMedGoogle Scholar. The downsides of using descriptive research include that it is limiting, cannot identify cause and effect, and may be biased. The effect of black voters interacting with a black poll worker when compared to a non-black poll worker increases the probability of being very confident in ballot accuracy from a range of 8 to 10 percentage points. It allows you to collect data in a natural environment that gives high-quality and honest data collection. As I write, descriptive representation by gender improves substantive outcomes for women in every polity for which we have a measure. Naturalistic observation also gives the observers little to no control which gives the observer pure, non-corrupted data. (1995). It seeks to provide information about the what, how, when, and where of the research problem, without giving priority to answering the why of the problem. Patterns and correlations are clear and visible: Statistical data is data that has already been analyzed and therefore the patterns and correlations have already been done and are clear and visible. Learn more about Institutional subscriptions. Weissberg, R. (1978). 2. The Journal of Politics features balanced treatments of research from scholars around the world, in all subfields of political science including American politics, comparative politics, international relations, political theory, and political methodology. systems than the old and traditional ones (Tawil, 2002). Lack of Secrecy: Graphical representation makes the full presentation of information that may hamper the objective to keep something secret.. 5. The research survey is one of the most widely used instruments when conducting descriptive research, where the number of samples to be taken is large. Race, sociopolitical participation, and black empowerment. Lawless, J. L. (2004). Until a candidate reaches more than the set share of votes, no one is declared a winner. Congress in black and white. tees, and voters weigh the pros and cons of descriptive representation, this analysis argues for attention to the specific historical contexts that make descrip- . For instance: watching a person (or people) order food, hold a door open for another person, or greet someone would be considered a few examples of naturalistic observation. The advantage is that it ensures that government sis efficient as the democratic process has included checks and balances (Regoli). New York: Free Press. Answer the what, not the why. If a voter knows that their candidate is polling 20 points behind, then voting for that candidate is essentially a wasted vote. Constituency influence in Congress. More is better: The influence of collective female descriptive representation on external efficacy. pros and cons of descriptive representationdanny sorenson paper clips. consumed. It can only describe a situation and cannot explain why something is happening. Erikson, R. S. (1978). Given the important role that poll workers play as the street level bureaucrats that voters encounter and the role that descriptive representation can play in legitimizing government, it stands to reason that for minority voters, interacting with a poll worker of similar racial identity will increase confidence in elections. nebraska softball roster; jacksonville, fl hurricane risk; The SPAE is a national survey that is used to gauge the quality of the election experience. These descriptive representations reflect the usage characteristics of the end product, what the owner (s) are going to do with the end product, or how they will use it once they get it in their possession. Descriptive research can provide valuable insights into a particular situation. In 2022, HKS doctoral student Anna Gifty Opoku-Agyeman published a critically acclaimed collection, The Black Agenda. In many areas of public administration and policy, the importance of descriptive representation or shared identity and perceived shared experience for racial and ethnic minorities is well documented. It conforms to what the rest of the world is doing. Naturalistic Observation is a frequently utilized research method in which one observes a certain behavior. One of the biggest advantages of descriptive research is that it allows you to analyze facts and helps you in developing an in-depth understanding of the research problem. What is procedural justice-criteria used by citizens to assess the fairness of legal procedures. Journal of Politics, 68(2), 233247. The case of the US courts. Research questions are the first step to takebefore starting to study something that intrigues us. Stealth democracy: Americans beliefs about how government should work. Descriptive representation allows for adequate communication in contexts of mistrust What is the relate-ability benefit of Descriptive Representation People will be more likely to communicate more with someone with whom they share a racial identity. Thu., Mar. Descriptive representation, on the other hand, is generally seen as independent of policy actions. both the seat in the House of Representative and the Senate (Geiger et al). The Symbolic Benefits of Descriptive and Substantive Representation. Democratic theorists have long been concerned with the proper form of representation in modern governance. Constituency opinion and congressional behavior: A reexamination of the Miller-Stokes representation data. Proportional representation removes this obstacle, allowing real issues to be debated instead of trying to woo swing voters that could provide a simple majority vote. Descriptive statistics comprises the statistical methods dealing with the collection, tabulation and summarization of data, so as to present meaningful information. The effect of descriptive representation on the relationship between citizens and their government. Advantages: unbiased distribution of confounders; blinding more likely; randomisation facilitates statistical analysis. Bridgett Kingis an associate professor and Director of the Master of Public Administration Program at Auburn University. In a PR system, the congressional districts are much bigger, voters focus more on. The authors would like to thank Bill Bianco, Eileen Braman, Christopher DeSante, Bernard Fraga, Brian Gaines, Jim Kuklinski, Jeff Mondak, Diana Z. OBrien, and Cara Wong for guidance and feedback on earlier drafts. They allow to formulate hypotheses, as well as provide a large amount of valuable data for the development of future investigations. You gain tremendous benefits by working with a random sample drawn from a population. Constructing successful ways to reach goals necessary to make something as small as possible in the event of medication errors and patient safety. It is particularly useful when researchers want to gain insights into a particular topic or identify trends. It does not provide direct representation to specific communities. The seldom receive access to the majority coalition and rarely earn an absolute majority, but there is always the possibility that their voiced opinions will gain traction with the general population. The article concludes with a discussion on the important avenues for future research as the level of diversity in Congress increases and more . Polit Behav 39, 3150 (2017). Scherer, N., & Curry, B. Correspondence to One area of the voting experience that has received little attention is descriptive representation. 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As its name says, this way of investigating describes, it does not explain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive representation Descriptive representation is where people are allowed to vote for leaders who they feel mirror their beliefs. It involves the collection and analysis of data to describe a phenomenon or situation. In the end, there is however a set of remaining pro arguments suggesting that descriptive representation produces some exclusive benefits. Even so, there is also the possibility of obtaining qualitative data. 4612. The symbolic representation of gender: A discursive approach. It allows for multiple candidate preferences. 4. This article examines theoretical expectations on the importance of descriptive representation. Individuals who work in Psychology use three different methods to observe people called controlled, natural, and participant observation. Representativeness and elections: A policy analysis. One of the oldest forms of naming, descriptive titles are logical, functional, and utilitarian. The reality of this type of governing, however, is that each party wants to have its own way with things. Another benefit of descriptive research is that it enables you to determine the behavior of people in a natural setting. The Gender and Conflict initiative unites faculty, students, and researchers at Harvard Kennedy School and beyond to study gender in non-violent and violent social movements and the social and institutional factors influencing the prevalence of gender-based violence. Under the system of proportional representation, any party with a high enough percentage of the vote will receive a seat in the government. By conducting research and engaging with faculty and students at Harvard Kennedy School and beyond, the fellows enrich the intellectual life of the center. The WAGE research initiative focuses on data-driven strategies organizations can use to "debias" their systems and create more inclusive workplaces, as well as interventions that enhance individuals agency in negotiating more gender-equitable work arrangements, including paid and unpaid labor. The political representation of blacks in Congress: Does race matter? An integrated model of womens representation. Overby, L. M., Brown, R. D., Bruce, J. M., Smith, C. E, Jr., & Winkle, J. W, III. Buhrmester, M., Kwang, T., & Gosling, S. D. (2011). WAPPP has compiled resources from across Harvard University on what the historic ruling means for reproductive rights and other protected civil liberties. Bobo, L., & Gilliam, F. D, Jr. (1990). Descriptive investigations, unlike other types of investigations, carry out their study without altering or manipulating any of the variables of the phenomenon, limiting themselves only to their measurement and description. Many communities under this system can come away feeling like they dont matter to the governing coalition. Some of the disadvantages of naturalistic observations is that the observers dont have control over the research and sometimes by not having control the research can be bad or the experiment itself can go wrong and something could happen to the observer or the observed. chambers vs smeg; dr alexander orthopedic surgeon; verbs to describe how a lion moves. descriptive representation pros and cons. American Journal of Political Science, 717732. In the profession of Psychology, watching people, animals, possessions in an environment are called observation. The data obtained by conducting a descriptive. This choice is guarded by the topic of study, the advantages and disadvantages, and the strengths and weaknesses of using either one or the other type of the methodologies. Posted on June 16, 2022 June 16, 2022 Usually, these. To investigate this, we also ran an identical treatment on an MTurk sample that allowed us to identify subjects zip codes. Symbols and the world system: National anthems and flags. 3. 0. tion rights. Gendering municipal government: Female descriptive representation and feelings of political trust. The most prevalent number-based scholarship linking women's descriptive and substantive political repre In addition to the important administrative role that they play, poll workers also contribute to the way voters view elections and their outcomes. 2. 5. The main question I consider in the paper is how to overcome the essentialism of descriptive representation. Political Analysis, 20(3), 351368. Campbell, D. E., & Wolbrecht, C. (2006). Political Research Quarterly, 57(1), 8199. Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. On June 24, 2022, the U.S. Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade, ending nearly 50 years of constitutional protections for abortion. For example, research studying the morphology and mechanism of action of SARS-CoV-2 is descriptive. descriptive representation pros and consadvanced spelling bee words for adults. Several countries, since 2016, have elected representatives and leaders that have promoted isolationist views. 1. The advantages to his method are; realistic natural behaviours, low demand characteristics, can generate new ideas for research and test existing findings. Just 5 countries in the world today use a system that is based on plurality voting. Instead, proper representation for some is rooted in the racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, gender, and sexual identity of the representatives themselves. Guinier, L. (1995). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. One of the benefits of descriptive representation is that the MEM representative's ethnicity and certain ethnic features of that representative's ethnicity can make MEM voters feel empowered.7 Such features can include physical appearance like skin colour and hair type. This type of research is often used in the social sciences, but can be used in other disciplines as well. More people feel like they are adequately represented under this type of structure. Du Bois Review, 2(02), 227246. Kuklinski, J. H. (1978). By analyzing data, researchers can identify trends that may not have been apparent otherwise. Proportional representation, sometimes called simply PR, is defined as an electoral system in which parties gain seats in proportion to the number of votes cast for them.. 1. Sharing a racial identity with a member of Congress can also increase the likelihood of aconstituent contactingtheir member of Congress. See Jane run: Women politicians as role models for adolescents. We would also like to thank attendees at Vanderbilts Experimental Methods Speaker Series as well as anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments. 7. To achieve this task, the researcher can choose between two different types of research designs, which have specific characteristics that differentiate them from each other. When determining whether or not legislators are representing their constituents' interests, scholars using voting studies may overstate the role of strategic factors, such as reelection goals and constituent influence, while understating the effect of descriptive characteristics. . GAP added 6 new summaries on intersectionality in 2022, bringing the total intersectional summaries to 61, 21% of all research included on GAP. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data (Sharma, 2019). The concept of representation. Any system of government can fall victim to extremism. Latinos and substantive representation in the US House of Representatives: Direct, indirect, or nonexistent? But the truth about that quote is that it actually arose from Henry Kett's 1814 collection of proverbs and Bon Mots called . They get straight to the point, without relying on consumers . Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive research. This is the case for women who remain numerically under-represented in legislatures around the world, but also ethnic minority groups, and other minorities. However, it is important to understand its limitations and when it is most appropriate to use. Part of descriptive statistics is to characterize which model the variable presents to an observer. To investigate other possible predictors of perceptions of fairness, we also re-ran the results adjusting for several demographic and political covariates. WAPPP's Gender Action Portal (GAP) team is committed to intersectionality as a core guiding principle for our work in gender policy research translation. Engendering politics the impact of descriptive representation on womens political engagement in sub-Saharan Africa. However, descriptive research can also be limiting. The alternative is to gather a random sample and then use the methodologies of inferential statistics to analyze the . Best for study the effect of an intervention. That prevents incumbents from staying in office, even if 60% of the population has voted against them. Conservatives and right-wing liberals have traditionally opposed it, while left-wing political parties and social movements often regard quotas for marginalized groups as decisive progressive measures in struggles for democracy and justice. The Journal of Politics, 59(01), 73103. The moderating effects of education and ideology Beyond differences based on race, education and ideological orientation are likely to moderate voter responses to MCs of different races in several ways. Casellas, J. P., & Wallace, S. J. British Journal of Political Science, 39(01), 141162. 50 Intense Pros and Cons of Dropping the Atomic Bomb, 20 Intriguing Pros and Cons of Becoming a State National, Pros And Cons Of Higher Education For Police Officers. 17 Pivotal Hydroelectricity Pros and Cons, 18 Major Advantages and Disadvantages of the Payback Period, 20 Advantages and Disadvantages of Leasing a Car, 19 Advantages and Disadvantages of Debt Financing, 24 Key Advantages and Disadvantages of a C Corporation, 16 Biggest Advantages and Disadvantages of Mediation, 18 Advantages and Disadvantages of a Gated Community, 17 Big Advantages and Disadvantages of Focus Groups, 17 Key Advantages and Disadvantages of Corporate Bonds, 19 Major Advantages and Disadvantages of Annuities, 17 Biggest Advantages and Disadvantages of Advertising. Descriptive research can be particularly useful in identifying trends or patterns. Law and Society Review, 22, 103. volume39,pages 3150 (2017)Cite this article. Race, representation, and trust: Changes in attitudes after the election of a black mayor. Hayes, M., Hibbing, M.V. 2, Behind the mule: Race and class in African-American politics. (2012). Many factors can facilitate or diminish confidence. Incumbent. With the scope of contemporary technology, we are able to access information from various studies that have occurred around the world. Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive research. As long as a party receives enough of a proportional vote to equal one seat, they will be represented within the government at some level. These three measures are all highly correlated and the index has a standardized \(\alpha\) of 0.89 for Study 1, 0.86 for Study 2, and 0.91 for study 3. Wh, The failed NFL diversity rule corporate America loves, Practicing DEI: A Conversation with HKS Alums, International Womens Day Community Breakfast, Harvard Alumni Allyship Series: International Women's Day, But the Fellows Are Simply Diversity Hires! How Organizational Contexts Influence Status Beliefs, 3 Negotiation Myths Still Harming Womens Careers. When voters vote in person, poll workers are the street level bureaucrats charged with complying with local, state, and federal laws, setting up the polling location, checking voters in and verifying voter registration status, providing assistance and remedy when there are problems with the voting machines, responding to citizens concerns and questions, and closing the polling location. For more information, please visit our GAP Land Acknowledgement resource page. The Gender and Conflict initiative unites faculty, students, and researchers at Harvard Kennedy School and beyond to study gender in non-violent and violent social movements and the social and institutional factors influencing the prevalence of gender-based violence. This is the conceptual view of the end product, whatever the owner can think about relative to its use. It is discussed in this paper as a means to enhance the declining legitimacy of Dutch works councils as important sites of democratic decision-making in their own right. Drawing on data from a nationally representative sample and two supplemental experiments, we show that citizens value descriptive representation independently of substantive representation. In many areas of public administration and policy, the importance . Politics and Gender, 3(1), 79. Specifically, the following methods were applied: the mode was used to identify the data with the highest frequency; the mean. The Gender Action Portal (GAP) serves as an online tool for decision-makers across sectors. Dawson, M. C. (1995). That creates a system of government that tends to be indecisive and weak because everyone argues for their own best interests. Race, political empowerment, and minority perceptions of judicial fairness. It encourages a coalition government. All data and replication code for this paper can be accessed at http://dx.doi.org/10.7910/DVN/JWXMFE. In, Correlational research is a type of non-experimental research in which investigators measure two variables and, Free association is one of the methods most closely linked to the psychoanalysisof Sigmund Freud, All Rights Reserved | View Non-AMP Version, Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive research, Observational study definition characteristics techniques, Methodological framework definition/structure/examples, What are Research questions how to approach a study examples, What is Correlational research characteristics types and examples, What is free association origin contents of the unconscious problems. Probability of very confident evaluation of ballot accuracy. TheMIT Election Data and Science Labhelps highlight new research and interesting ideas in election science. Critical Mass and Women's Substantive Representation Women's descriptive representation and the literature that addresses the means by which more women might be elected to national office involve, at face value, number-based models.

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