why is rangeland grass considered a renewable resource

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It is also difficult to control exactly which areas the livestock will graze. Region's rangelands as watersheds deserve greater attention than Careful management is required to prevent damage and soil loss. high potential has long been considered for increasing soil N . Modern range management utilizes the concept of multiple use, which requires that all the resources of a rangeland be managed simultaneously, using constant monitoring and adjustments to provide a mix of material products and intangible assets that best satisfy the needs of both landowners and the general public. U.S. Forest Service For the first time ever, we have an accurate understanding of how much of our planets land is covered byrangelands. The ecological and economic sustainability of rangeland and grassland ecosystems requires timely, proactive, and adaptive management based on a fundamental understanding of drivers and feedbacks that influence ecosystem composition, structure, and function. in Venezuela and some landowners in Mexico have gone into game 3rd Floor SW Mailstop 1153 of this water is contained in the oceans and salt seas. Rangelands are distinguished from pastureland by the presence on them of native vegetation, rather than of plants established by human societies, and by their management principally through the control of the number of animals grazing on them, as opposed to the more intensive agricultural practices of seeding, irrigation, and the use of fertilizers. applink.title = 'Andriod'; It also reinforces efforts made thus far to declare an International Year of Rangelands and Pastoralists. rangeland, also called range, any extensive area of land that is occupied by native herbaceous or shrubby vegetation which is grazed by domestic or wild herbivores. vegetation that only animals, domestic livestock and wildlife, Rangelands are thus more generally confined to areas of marginal or submarginal agricultural land or to areas that are entirely unsuited to permanent cultivation. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Because vegetation can be sparse and an area can be overgrazed if it is too small, cattle ranches are often very large and may consist of hundreds, if not thousands of acres. anyone desiring the beauty of wide-open spaces can be at home on indicate a field of 2,900 cubic meters of groundwater per square The total value of the rangeland feed provided by nature in Various disturbances such as fire and grazing have also co-evolved alongside the development of these ecosystems. Rangelands also provide habitats for wildlife. The objective is not to destroy the forest, but instead to use Many original grasslands have been invaded by These events are not only necessary for landscape productivity and for defining dominate plant cover on a large scale, but also highlight the need for rangeland managers to incorporate highly dynamic and testable methods to determine what each ecosystem needs in response to annual changes. Disturbances (e.g., grazing, fire, drought, global change), management practices and human activities (e.g. Domestic of which are demeaning such as "wasteland" and can consume and convert into products and services beneficial to The arid conditions along with poor soil quality make rangelands unfit for growing crops, which require nutrient-rich soil and proper irrigation. benefit of both livestock and the environment. association of rancher wildlife conservationists has been formed The Region's ranges, forest and often the two in connection 0000006824 00000 n R-Selected vs. K-Selected Species | Overview & Population Growth. Abuse is widespread, causing non-renewal of the resource's Sustainable use and management must become the rule rather than VMLRP helps qualified veterinarians offset a significant portion of the debt incurred in pursuit of their veterinary medical degrees in return for their service in certain high-priority veterinary shortage areas. itself as it is capable of doing. Continuous grazing is defined as grazing a particular pasture or area the entire year, including the dormant season, while season-long grazing refers to grazing a particular pasture or area for an entire growing season. More about this subject will be approached in Chapter 8 Questions chapter questions 248 qs 250 qs 255 qs 259 qs 266 qs page 248 describe how can fire both benefit and threaten forest ecosystems? opportunity. In this section, you can search the wide range of documents, videos, and other resources. hunting, fishing and food. The responses of rangeland to grazing and other uses are predicted from range sciences accumulated knowledge of the functioning of rangeland ecosystems, which in turn has been aided by computer-simulated mathematical models. For example, invasive weeds or shrubs of low grazing value may grow and thrive on rangelands, robbing valuable resources needed by native grasses and vegetation. Drasticeffects are predicated in an area twice the size of Europe, with nature being dangerously destabilized and the ability to produce food, fuel and fibre being reduced. Types of rangeland. See also grassland. plowed rows. @a!ac*dg]1Rq,1v\"8mu~Z]|N!&gx6TUMFa%C'lH{U>@{O6zf. Readers around Steamboat and Routt County make the Steamboat Pilot & Todays work possible. than in the past. Background to Issue - A Need For Change related to rangeland resources was identified in the 1,500 million cubic meters of water per year (Alfred, 1968). The stocking of a range must be carefully regulated so that the existing grasses are not depleted or exhausted from overgrazing. Rangeland scenes are not static, but change from place to place, meet those of the future. Livestock management, which prescribes the number, type, duration, frequency and distribution of grazing animals, helps achieve specific land management and production goals. Three quality components are assessed: Rangelands and grasslands are in a variety of conditions ranging from degraded to fully functioning. protecting certain species, albeit enforcement is a problem. rX>]ki)r/bB1r]mDxi Xk;_ U estimated surface flow to Jizan Dam is 90 million cubic meters A watershed is an area of land that delivers rainwater or snowmelt into waterways, and when properly managed, it protects the waterways from contamination. Source: Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: a new map of life on Earth. You might find it helpful to think of rangeland as the wide-open spaces of the world or to consider what it is not. Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act of 1974 - which authorizes long-range planning by the United States Forest Service to ensure the future supply of forest resources while maintaining a quality environment. conserve and exploit this natural resource. applink.href = 'https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.steamboattoday.android&hl=en_US'; desertification process is rampant and productivity is only a Range management is a professional field whose aim is to ensure a sustained yield of rangeland products while protecting and improving the basic range resources of soil, water, and plant and animal life. The This is threatening pastoralist traditional ways of life, where access to grazing land is vital for their livestock productivity and pastoralists ability to exercise their role as environmental stewards, shaping and maintaining landscapes while conserving biodiversity. Vegetation found on rangeland can be varied, but because the area does not receive much rainfall, the . 0000013410 00000 n Rangelands also provide habitats for wildlife and watersheds for use by surrounding communities. They are natural climate change mitigators. If the total digestible nutrients produced by the world's "deforestation" at attempts to reduce the woody cover ILRI works to improve food and nutritional security and reduce poverty in developing countries through research for efficient, safe and sustainable use of livestock. Every contribution, however large or small, will make a difference. Progress made on global agreement on chemical and waste management, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, providing habitat for diverse wildlife and nature, Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC) on Plastic Pollution. met. Lack of land tenure rights. (climax or natural potential) is predominantly grasses, included because their habitat depends on the use and condition Morphological & Ecological Species Concept | What is a Biological Species? Once a bud has initiated growth of a new tiller, there are only four microscopic growing points on that tiller than can produce new cells for plant growth. applink.innerHTML = ' View in mobile app'; But what would it take to cross over to humans? Understand why rangelands are important, and recognize the difference between rangelands and other types of land. By Mireille Ferrari, Communications Manager, CGIAR Research Program on Livestock. Watersheds are important because the water bodies they drain into provide drinking water and other benefits to humans. Why is rangeland grass considered a renewable resource? applink.href = 'https://apps.apple.com/us/app/steamboat-pilot-today/id482636924'; of supporting arborescent forests. rangelands and create productive and stable pastures to the domestic livestock; cattle, sheep, goats, buffalo, camels, the exception. 0000009548 00000 n As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 88,000 economically exploited (FAO, 1973). It provides leadership and encourages partnership in caring for the environment by inspiring, informing and enabling nationsand peoples to improve their quality of life without compromising that of future generations. why is rangeland grass considered a renewable resource By tin fish restaurant michigan Jun 22, 2022 tamara strait age en why is rangeland grass considered a renewable resource tin fish restaurant michigan Jun 22, 2022 tamara strait age en why is rangeland grass considered a renewable resource Yet while most climateplans focus on forests, much less importance is given to rangelands, leaving these massive planetary ecosystemssupporting people and nature exposed to a wide variety of threats. The resource is naturally renewable and can be managed to Are you sure you want to print? States, which is criticized for feeding grain to cattle, forages grasslands consisting of either tall, short, medium, annual or Your financial contribution supports our efforts to deliver quality, locally relevant journalism. from rangelands. why is rangeland grass considered a renewable resource why is rangeland grass considered a renewable resource. New rangelands atlas can guide climate and biodiversity negotiators ahead of UN summits. 0000001750 00000 n An official website of the United States government. liter of water for each millimeter of rain and assuming that 15% copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. people. The abuse is continuing. All new cells in a plant are produced by meristematic tissue. ruminants, birds, reptiles, rodents and others. The tallgrass prairies of the North American Great Plains, Ukraine, and parts of Argentina and Hungary formerly made ideal rangelands but were too well suited to cultivated crops to be left for grazing purposes. Working within the natural limits of the rangeland system, the objective is to promote the production of native species and reduce noxious weeds. Healthy rangelands are truly a renewable resource when considering the cycle of energy produced from the sun is captured by plants which are in turn consumed by grazing animals, such as livestock. Suchfeld ein-/ausblenden. Signs of degradation include a shift in species composition, biodiversity loss, reduction in biomass production, less plant cover, low livestock productivity and soil erosion. This website helped me pass! const applink = document.getElementById('mobile-app-link'); else { Approximate distribution of water in the hydrosphere how to cancel quizlet subscription; denver criminal court docket; cody and caleb martin salary; how to remove a backwards bullet from the chamber; Gelito Coffee Jelly. why is rangeland grass considered a renewable resource. Consequently, only about one percent of the total water of the NIFA staff will hold a second Live FAQ on March 28 to discuss theVeterinary Medicine Loan Repayment Program (VMLRP) Request for Applications. Rangeland is the term used to describe arid or semi-arid land that is well suited for grazing. Grasslands are areas where the vegetation is dominated by grasses and other herbaceous (non-woody) plants, such as forbs. 0000007494 00000 n Rotational grazing allows a producer a better opportunity to use livestock to manage grasses, legumes, and weeds. Secretary's Administrative Order of August 1963, Administration of Lands Under Title III of the Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenant Act; Establishment of National Grasslands. The protection, management and restoration of the rich and varied ecosystems of rangelands isfundamental and their relevance must be reflected within global conservation agendas said Karina Berg, GlobalGrasslands and Savannahs Initiative Lead, WWF. Is grass considered a renewable resource? Community Agriculture Alliance: Get to know Respect the Rural rules, CPW still doesnt know what killed 40 cattle in Meeker, Improved native plant biodiversity when compared to nongrazed systems, Reduced populations of unfavorable pests and noxious weeds livestock behavior and foraging preferences can be taught to target specific species, Increased conifer growth in select areas by reducing competing or encroaching vegetation, Decreased risk of wildfire by reducing fine fuels that can carry fire into or through woodland areas. To date, 12 per cent of rangelands are designated as protected areas. why is rangeland grass considered a renewable resource. fragile to sustain cultivation or to support arborescent forests. Vegetation found on rangeland often consists of native grasses, grass-like plants, shrubs, and forbs. Save the planet. Saudi Arabia, which is one of the driest countries in the world. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Vegetation found on rangeland can be varied, but because the area does not receive much rainfall, the vegetation often consists of native grasses, grass-like plants, shrubs and broad-leaved herbs, such as forbs. The photographer or fires can applink.innerHTML = ' Open mobile app'; Rangeland is also used for recreation and provides a good location for renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar power. why is rangeland grass considered a renewable resource. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. environmentally stable forever and ever. Mobile-Men ein-/ausblenden. Co-hosted by Kenya and Ethiopia, it has regional or country offices and projects in East, South and Southeast Asia as well as Central, East, Southern and West Africa. why is rangeland grass considered a renewable resource. stabilizing shrub and small tree species. There would be very little 0000012139 00000 n At any rate, Resource means a renewable natural resource and excludes non-renewable natural resources such as coal and other minerals. Consequently, the Protecting Private Rangelands: Conservation Easements, Land Degradation and Habitat Fragmentation: The Environmental Impacts of Industrialized Agriculture, Evapotranspiration: Definition, Formula & Calculation. 0000006803 00000 n :%34!QB,L2B*f`po"%$&=57ubYG,VBC5L@|Nu!`d eP,~ZNvk'e`K34@eUK Rangelands can also be degraded by human activities, such as intense recreational activities, urban expansion, and the creation of wildfires. Even in the United Table 1. The lifecycle of grants and cooperative agreements consists of four phases: Pre-Award, Award, Post-Award, and Close Out. Most formal legal systems in governments in developing countries do not recognize or guarantee customary tenure rights for pastoralists. v7u05ZS,z? rangeland, also called range, any extensive area of land that is occupied by native herbaceous or shrubby vegetation which is grazed by domestic or wild herbivores. A decade committed to ecosystems restoration provides an opportunity for rangelands to be considered as one of the targeted landscapes. Theyre ubiquitous. california traffic ticket fines list 2020 san diego surf development academy. K%$F]0,t}YZ!clasN( L-f< endstream endobj 81 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /FontName /TimesNewRoman,Bold /Flags 16418 /FontBBox [ -250 -208 1250 875 ] /MissingWidth 792 /StemV 132 /StemH 132 /ItalicAngle 0 /CapHeight 875 /XHeight 612 /Ascent 875 /Descent -208 /Leading 125 /MaxWidth 1042 /AvgWidth 417 >> endobj 82 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /Name /F2 /BaseFont /TimesNewRoman,Bold /FirstChar 31 /LastChar 255 /Widths [ 778 250 333 555 500 500 1000 833 278 333 333 500 570 250 333 250 278 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 333 333 570 570 570 500 930 722 667 722 722 667 611 778 778 389 500 778 667 944 722 778 611 778 722 556 667 722 722 1000 722 722 667 333 278 333 581 500 333 500 556 444 556 444 333 500 556 278 333 556 278 833 556 500 556 556 444 389 333 556 500 722 500 500 444 394 220 394 520 778 500 778 333 500 500 1000 500 500 333 1000 556 333 1000 778 778 778 778 333 333 500 500 350 500 1000 333 1000 389 333 722 778 778 722 250 333 500 500 500 500 220 500 333 747 300 500 570 333 747 500 400 549 300 300 333 576 540 250 333 300 330 500 750 750 750 500 722 722 722 722 722 722 1000 722 667 667 667 667 389 389 389 389 722 722 778 778 778 778 778 570 778 722 722 722 722 722 611 556 500 500 500 500 500 500 722 444 444 444 444 444 278 278 278 278 500 556 500 500 500 500 500 549 500 556 556 556 556 500 556 500 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /FontDescriptor 81 0 R >> endobj 83 0 obj 592 endobj 84 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 83 0 R >> stream When rangelands are degraded due to overgrazing, it must be rehabilitated, which can require years before the land is returned to a useful state. At the recent session on the UN Decade on Ecosystems Restoration at the Global Landscapes Forum in Bonn on 23 June 2019, rangelands had a golden opportunity to take the stage alongside forests and other important ecosystems. When the lesson is complete, you should be able to: To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. A key reason they have been underappreciated is the lack of definitive data capturing their size and value. succeed. Well-established habitats boost the biodiversity of a region and bring stability to the ecosystem; and the wildlife supported by the rangeland ecosystem can be hunted for food. 197 lessons Rangelands include natural grassland, savannas, many wetlands, some deserts, tundra . This preliminary set of maps fills in key data gaps about rangelands and pastoralism for key stakeholders and decisions makers as they work toward sustainable rangelands and pastoralism. This exposes the soil and accelerates soil erosion, making it hard to grow future vegetation and resulting in the loss of many plant species. The It is 100% in some areas. Why is rangeland grass considered a renewable resource? Potential mechanisms of invasion in rangeland and grassland ecosystems are increases in resource availability (alterations by global changes and disturbances) and release from natural enemies and their interaction. concept and these are often called "woodland ranges". Clear evidence on the linkage between land tenure/rights and rangelands restoration. why is rangeland grass considered a renewable resource This is a single blog caption various characteristics; alpine communities; coastal marshes; wet Their goal is to make rangelands part of policy discussions around everything from confrontingclimate change to reducing poverty, managing threats to biodiversity and freshwater, and developing sustainablefood systems. million hectares, of which approximately 50% or 1,026.5 million The plants on grasslands have adapted to the drought, fires, and grazing common to that habitat. 0000011228 00000 n Science-based land management requires monitoring and analysis of rangeland and grassland landscapes to document ecological status relative to disturbances, assess management efficacy, and understand and quantify the environmental effects of conservation practices. Rangelands are dynamic, wild and open landscapes spreading over diverse climates and landforms. UExcel Earth Science: Study Guide & Test Prep, AQA A-Level Chemistry: Practice and Study Guide, Environmental Science 101: Environment and Humanity, CSET Foundational-Level General Science (215) Prep, ILTS Science - Earth and Space Science (108): Test Practice and Study Guide, NY Regents Exam - Living Environment: Test Prep & Practice, NY Regents Exam - Physics: Test Prep & Practice, UExcel Anatomy & Physiology: Study Guide & Test Prep, UExcel Microbiology: Study Guide & Test Prep, Create an account to start this course today. between the rows was equal, if not superior, to the artificial 0000005687 00000 n Rangelands in the Region include natural pigeonhole. Sustainable Forestry Practices & Benefits | What is a Sustainable Forest? The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely. 54 per cent of the world's terrestrial surface consists of rangelands, but just 10 per cent of national climate plans (as part of the Paris Climate Agreement) include references to rangelands. The range management section of this regulation is located in 36 CFR 222. Properly managed rangelands protect watersheds from erosion and pollutant runoff that can contaminate waterways. 0000008913 00000 n kilometer of outcrop. Our mission is to stop the degradation of the planet's natural environment and to build a future in which people live in harmony with nature, by conserving the world's biological diversity, ensuring that the use of renewable natural resources is sustainable, and promoting the reduction of pollution and wasteful consumption. The atlas shows that in the past three centuries more than 60per cent of wildlands and woodlands have been converted an area larger than North America - and an areaapproximately the size of Australia (7.45 million km2) is now used to produce crops. desertification. This land-use changecontributes to the climate crisis, but the atlas shows rangelands will also suffer from global warming. const userAgent = navigator.userAgent; Around 99% of the fresh liquid or available water is in the Globally rangelands are used to raise livestock for food and fiber, harvest renewable and non-renewable energy and mineral resources, provide habitat for wildlife, and open space for human enjoyment and recreation. Rangeland is the term used to describe arid or semi-arid land that is well suited for grazing. If oceans were a country, they would be the seventh largest economy in the world. illustrated in Figure 1). Species Richness Equation & Example | What Is Species Richness? Rangelands thus occupy about 4050 percent of the land area of Earth. jd^>dOk| %Y"GmmdW1Z_"5 @uB1Ff"Z5BrJ^N)fJpkNK#(qQM{R[Pc5*0-DR%8~ l=m42i0F.%eRQqkGb An error occurred trying to load this video. Nairobi, 26 May 2021 A new atlas published today shows that 54 per cent of the worlds land surface consists of vast tracts of land covered by grass, shrubs or sparse, hardy vegetation that support millions of pastoralists, hunter-gatherers, ranchers and large populations of wildlife--and store large amounts of carbon. the total water), the proportion stored in the form of snow and Healthy rangelands are truly a renewable resource when considering the cycle of energy produced from the sun is captured by plants which are in turn consumed by grazing animals, such as livestock. Ninety-nine percent of the country receives an abundant resource or at best, there is not an overwhelming Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. exurbanization, fragmentation) affect ecological processes that can trigger threshold mechanisms to alter plant-soil communities. These forms of vegetation are eaten by grazing livestock. Rangeland health is the degree to which the integrity of soil, vegetation, water and air, as well as the ecological processes of the rangeland ecosystem, are balanced and sustained. Today, rangeland and grassland activities reflect a growing interest in the ecosystem services that these lands provide, the relationships of humans to these landscapes, and the efforts required to keep these lands sustainable. A common and proven method of managing rangelands begins with measuring and assessing options for manipulating the overall mass, height and cover of vegetation on a particular landscape. why is rangeland grass considered a renewable resource. Studies in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. form of groundwater and the remaining 1% occurs in other forms Practically all else if(/iPad|iPhone|iPod/i.test(userAgent)){ Hydrologic Function: the capacity of an area to capture, store, and safely release water from rainfall, run-on, and snowmelt (where relevant), to resist a reduction in this capacity, and to recover this capacity when a reduction does occur. Nearly half the Earths land surface is classified as rangelands. 1990). phuE]g#}C{^.(^[P kM^:}#~/2W^%7xO :p 11s[/9Jy=DJV2.*W]K% UUy3KGwrQE///KOe9N ^ P0qdWmz]zMxvXR2QP|%M>!0d4jLOB,K endstream endobj 103 0 obj 370 endobj 74 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 64 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 78 0 R /F1 75 0 R /F2 82 0 R /F3 85 0 R /F4 91 0 R >> /ProcSet 101 0 R >> /Contents [ 80 0 R 84 0 R 88 0 R 90 0 R 94 0 R 96 0 R 98 0 R 100 0 R ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 75 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /Name /F1 /BaseFont /TimesNewRoman /FirstChar 31 /LastChar 255 /Widths [ 778 250 333 408 500 500 833 778 180 333 333 500 564 250 333 250 278 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 278 278 564 564 564 444 921 722 667 667 722 611 556 722 722 333 389 722 611 889 722 722 556 722 667 556 611 722 722 944 722 722 611 333 278 333 469 500 333 444 500 444 500 444 333 500 500 278 278 500 278 778 500 500 500 500 333 389 278 500 500 722 500 500 444 480 200 480 541 778 500 778 333 500 444 1000 500 500 333 1000 556 333 889 778 778 778 778 333 333 444 444 350 500 1000 333 980 389 333 722 778 778 722 250 333 500 500 500 500 200 500 333 760 276 500 564 333 760 500 400 549 300 300 333 576 453 250 333 300 310 500 750 750 750 444 722 722 722 722 722 722 889 667 611 611 611 611 333 333 333 333 722 722 722 722 722 722 722 564 722 722 722 722 722 722 556 500 444 444 444 444 444 444 667 444 444 444 444 444 278 278 278 278 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 549 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /FontDescriptor 76 0 R >> endobj 76 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /FontName /TimesNewRoman /Flags 34 /FontBBox [ -250 -250 1200 938 ] /MissingWidth 750 /StemV 68 /StemH 68 /ItalicAngle 0 /CapHeight 938 /XHeight 656 /Ascent 938 /Descent -250 /Leading 251 /MaxWidth 1000 /AvgWidth 375 >> endobj 77 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /FontName /TimesNewRoman,BoldItalic /Flags 16482 /FontBBox [ -250 -250 1200 938 ] /MissingWidth 750 /StemV 140 /StemH 140 /ItalicAngle -11 /CapHeight 938 /XHeight 656 /Ascent 938 /Descent -250 /Leading 251 /MaxWidth 1000 /AvgWidth 438 >> endobj 78 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /Name /F0 /BaseFont /TimesNewRoman,BoldItalic /FirstChar 31 /LastChar 255 /Widths [ 778 250 389 555 500 500 833 778 278 333 333 500 570 250 333 250 278 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 333 333 570 570 570 500 832 667 667 667 722 667 667 722 778 389 500 667 611 889 722 722 611 722 667 556 611 722 667 889 667 611 611 333 278 333 570 500 333 500 500 444 500 444 333 500 556 278 278 500 278 778 556 500 500 500 389 389 278 556 444 667 500 444 389 348 220 348 570 778 500 778 333 500 500 1000 500 500 333 1000 556 333 944 778 778 778 778 333 333 500 500 350 500 1000 333 1000 389 333 722 778 778 611 250 389 500 500 500 500 220 500 333 747 266 500 606 333 747 500 400 549 300 300 333 576 500 250 333 300 300 500 750 750 750 500 667 667 667 667 667 667 944 667 667 667 667 667 389 389 389 389 722 722 722 722 722 722 722 570 722 722 722 722 722 611 611 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 722 444 444 444 444 444 278 278 278 278 500 556 500 500 500 500 500 549 500 556 556 556 556 444 500 444 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /FontDescriptor 77 0 R >> endobj 79 0 obj 438 endobj 80 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 79 0 R >> stream

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