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Tutorials Newsletter eBooks Jobs . Note that some human analysis of the comments is recommended to aid this decision [. For each hypothesis testing with statistical tests, we reviewed the underlying assumptions associated with each inferential statistic and reported the extent to which the assumptions were met. Moreover, when comparing the maintainability of software systems using different variants of the Index, very similar outputs can be expected for all variants without the comment part and all variants with the comment part. To compare these strings in Java, we need to use the equals() method of the string. person1 and person2 have the same properties with the same values. A variety of data analysis methods (i.e., descriptive statistics, hypothesis testing, correlation analysis, multidimensional scaling, cluster analysis, and trend analysis) were used to answer the research questions, which allowed us to evaluate and compare the consistency of several variants of the Index in measuring the maintainability of object-oriented software systems on a large and diverse set of Java software in different contexts. Determ. To verify the assumptions of normality for the differences between the two groups under study, the ShapiroWilk Test was utilized because the sample size for the data of RQ1 was small (, To answer RQ2.1, a pairwise correlation analysis was carried out between pairs of Index variants to examine the association between variant values. Overriding equals() method in the Employee Object, 4. All rights reserved. How do different Maintainability Index variants perform when utilized for maintainability measurement between versions of the same software system? In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader. To meet the above-specified objectives, the following two research questions (RQs) were formulated: How do different Maintainability Index variants perform when utilized for the maintainability measurement of a single object-oriented software system? interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. With extensive use of the Maintainability Index in software research and practice, the Index has been fine-tuned over time to better represent the maintainability characteristics of software systems, to ease the calculation, or to aid the interpretation of the results. To make the comparison thing to be a piece of cake, just leverage Lodash. We can compare two HashMap by comparing Entry with the equals () method of the Map returns true if the maps have the same key-value pairs that mean the same Entry. Future efforts could also be invested in investigating and determining the Index threshold levels for object-oriented software. https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess. If the Class only has a few properties, you can write the code by comparing each property. Gradinik, M.; Berani, T.; Karakati, S. Impact of historical software metric changes in predicting future maintainability trends in open-source software development. This article is contributed by Rishabh Mahrsee. With the introduction of Lambdas, we can now bypass the anonymous inner class and achieve the same result with simple, functional semantics: Notice that we're also using the new sort API . Even though the findings are likely valid for software based on other object-oriented languages, further research is needed to confirm them. Most of the time, we want to compare the actual values inside the objects. Avg. ; Palani, G.; Iyer, N.R. Replication studies are needed to confirm and generalize the results to a more extensive set of Index variants. 254258. = average, Med. Three empirical studies on predicting software maintainability using ensemble methods. Below are 5 ways to compare two Strings in Java: Using user-defined function : Define a function to compare values with following conditions : if (string1 > string2) it returns a positive value. In the future, it would be interesting to extend our study to software systems written in other object-oriented programming languages, such as Python and C#. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Data Engineering and Communication Technology, Maharashtra, India, 1011 March 2017; Satapathy, S., Bhateja, V., Joshi, A., Eds. Lodash's isEqual() function is the most sophisticated way to compare two objects. Rather, it's their memory addresses in the stack that are different, since both objects are created using the new operator. ; Atkinson, G.G. Java Program to Compare Two Objects - GeeksforGeeks It is also possible that an object is equal to another given object, then the equals() method follow the equivalence relation to compare the objects. [, Chowdhury, S.A.; Uddin, G.; Holmes, R. An Empirical Study on Maintainable Method Size in Java. In Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communications (ADCOM 2007), Guwahati, India, 1821 December 2007; pp. Though the values of dog1 and dog2 are the same, equals() method always checks the reference of the two objects i.e if both the objects passed refer to the same object or not and not their values. Suppose we have a JSON string defined as the s1 variable: { "employee" : { "id": "1212" , "fullName": "John Miles" , "age": 34 } } Copy And we want to compare it with another JSON, s2: You seem to have javascript disabled. Guide to Implementing the compareTo Method | Baeldung the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, OK, lets go for that: However, your function only works for flat objects, not for the nested one. = standard deviation, Min. Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view. [, Revilla, M.A. Oman, P.; Hagemeister, J. 759768. Although numerous measures have been proposed in the literature for assessing software quality factors, few studies have focused on comparing the Index with other maintainability or software quality measures. Let us look then at the code inside Object.equals() method and understand its internals. The above code snippet shows that two employees will be equal if they are stored in the same memory address or they have the same regno. = standard deviation. By using this website, you agree with our Cookies Policy. 2021. 1. However, not only are the referenced arrays different in content, but the references themselves are also different. Several aspects can impact the softwares maintainability, including the codes complexity, the softwares size, and the presence of documentation and comments that help describe the code. The Java Object class provides the two important methods to compare two objects in Java, i.e. Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. Virtual Machinery. = minimum, Max. 2021. Enjoy unlimited access on 5500+ Hand Picked Quality Video Courses. Although different Index variants present different values when subjected to the same software system, the Index variant values are very strongly positively correlated and indicate in a similar manner how maintainability evolves between releases and from a more long-term perspective. Microsoft. We rarely compare the object references in real projects. The comparison operator == tests whether two reference variables point to the same object. Sci. Maua, G.; Galinac Grbac, T. Co-evolutionary multi-population genetic programming for classification in software defect prediction: An empirical case study. The relationship between all pairs of Index variants under study is positive and strong to very strong. In Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Mining Software Repositories, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 2324 May 2022; Association for Computing Machinery: New York, NY, USA, 2022; pp. and B.. Checking the hash values using hashCode() before entering the equals() reduces the time taken to produce the solution drastically. In this section, we will learn how equals() and hashCode() method works. Seref, B.; Tanriover, O. future research directions and describes possible research applications. Similarly, in the second println statement, we have invoked equals() method and parse the same value as in the constructor of the Double class. and Get Certified. This can be done by using the org.apache.commons.beanutils.BeanComparator comparator. To understand this example, you should have the knowledge of the following Java programming topics: In the above program, we've two strings style and style2. Method 1: One obvious approach is to write our own sort () function using one of the standard algorithms. Comparing Java objects with equals() and hashcode() - InfoWorld Compare Two JSON Objects with Gson | Baeldung permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. A generic methodology for early identification of non-maintainable source code components through analysis of software releases. ; Rachmadi, R.R. String comparison in Java is a feature that matches a sequence of characters to a string. Java 8 - Comparison with Lambdas | Baeldung 13751380. Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2021; pp. Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. To achieve the research objectives, experiments were conducted on Java open-source software systems. The compareTo method compares the current object with the object sent as a parameter. In this case, the result of the comparison is false. Chowdhury, S.; Holmes, R.; Zaidman, A.; Kazman, R. Revisiting the debate: Are code metrics useful for measuring maintenance effort? The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the In the previous example, we have discussed how to sort the list of objects on the basis of a single field using Comparable and Comparator interface But, what if we have a requirement to sort ArrayList objects in accordance with more than one field like firstly, sort according to the student name and secondly, sort according to student age. (string1 == string2) it returns 0. if (string1 < string2) it returns a negative value. To reduce the likelihood of errors caused by humans, the process of collecting software metrics and computing the Index variants for all software under study was performed automatically by running scripts. In this short tutorial, we'll solve this using Gson, a JSON serialization\deserialization library that can do a deep comparison between JSON objects. Editors Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13052972, Heriko T, umak B. Note: For BeanComparator, commons-collection and commons-logging jar files need to be . Impacts of software community patterns on process and product: An empirical study. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. See further details. The idea is that every unit test should have only one reason to fail. It uses this result to then determine if they should be swapped for their sort. Keep reading to see how hard it is and how you can take advantage of it to improve your coding skills. A complete overview of related studies is presented in, Some studies have compared the Index with alternative software quality measures with the aim of assessing existing measures. From a short-term perspective, the maintainability trends, i.e., changes in maintainability, are in the same direction, but can be of different strengths, while from a long-term perspective, the maintainability trends are in alignment, although the magnitude of the trends is not. Opinions expressed by DZone contributors are their own. and Name. It returns false because x holds the double value and y holds the long value that is not equal. When implementing it, we need to make sure that the method returns: A positive integer, if the current object is greater than the parameter object A negative integer, if the current object is less than the parameter object Let us add the customized logic for object comparisons. [. Madhwaraj, K.G. Molnar, A.; Motogna, S. Discovering Maintainability Changes in Large Software Systems. 2021. Dahiya, S.S.; Chhabra, J.K.; Kumar, S. Use of genetic algorithm for software maintainability metrics conditioning. Ive also created the new fake usingWrappingso that the original methods on the class would still be called I really care aboutToStringwhich I would override to produce a meaningful assertion message. Compute all the permutations of the string. In a similar way Ive created a new extension method that would compare the properties on two classes: And now I can use the following to compare my expected value with the value returned by the test: Simple(ish) is it? Lets upgrade your function to a deep level: Can you spot the differences comparing to the first version? Try Programiz PRO: 8792. 203208. 2021. = maximum, Skew = skewness, Kurt. For Exploring Maintainability Index Variants for Software Maintainability Measurement in Object-Oriented Systems. A fuzzy approach for evaluation of maintainability of object oriented software system. Programming languages, designed mainly for object-oriented programming, namely Java, C#, and Python, are currently widely used and adapted by organizations and software developers [, The maintainability of a system is a software quality factor that reflects the ease with which a system can undergo various modifications in the software maintenance phase [, To quantify the software maintainability of any system with a single value, Oman and Hagemeister [, Another measure of software maintainability is the change metric defined by Li and Henry [, Furthermore, researchers have proposed several maintainability measurement and prediction models based on capturing maintenance performance with cost, time, or effort spent in the maintenance process [, Another way of assessing maintainability is based on the subjective evaluation of software systems by experts [. Therefore, it is essential to understand how maintainable a software system is as it is being developed. Lavazza, L.; Abualkishik, A.Z. Available online: Verifysoft Technology. In the next two sections, we will see the example programs on ArrayList and HashMap classes. Appl. We can, therefore, compare them: assertThat (planes1).isNotSameAs (planes2); To sum up, in this case, we have two arrays in memory that contain the same String values in exactly the same order. To perform the comparison of objects, we have created a separate class named HashCodeExample. Conversely, an easily maintainable system is believed to be more cost effective in carrying out such maintenance tasks while also reducing the software systems tendency towards deteriorating software quality. In Java, hash code is a 32-bit signed integer value. In this way, many comparisons between two objects need not go through the comparison of every value within them. In Proceedings of the 2020 7th International Conference on Electrical Engineering, Computer Sciences and Informatics (EECSI), Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 12 October 2020; pp. Well, its easy for the primitive types, not for the objects. Java | Collectors maxBy(Comparator comparator) with Examples, Java | Collectors minBy(Comparator comparator) with Examples, Stream sorted (Comparator comparator) method in Java, TreeSet comparator() Method in Java with Examples, TreeMap comparator() method in Java with Examples, SortedMap comparator() method in Java with Examples, ConcurrentSkipListSet comparator() method in Java with Examples, Comparator nullsFirst() method in Java with examples, Comparator comparingInt() in Java with examples. ; data curation, T.H. Correlation coefficients: Appropriate use and interpretation. The equals () method performs a full (deep) comparison. = standard deviation, Min. Elmidaoui, S.; Cheikhi, L.; Idri, A.; Abran, A. Empirical studies on software product maintainability prediction: A systematic mapping and review. ; Oman, P.W. Learn to code interactively with step-by-step guidance. In java, being object-oriented, it is always dynamically created and automatically destroyed by the garbage collector as the scope of the object is over. ; Rana, A. Hence, it requires being measured and quantified indirectly while relying on internal attributes that can be measured from software directly [, In the last few decades, the object-oriented paradigm has emerged as one of the most-widely used paradigms for modeling and developing software. Kaur and Singh [, Although there are some similarities with the existing work, the lack of a comprehensive approach to comparing multiple variations of the Index makes our work the first of its kind in the field. And who is better in changing behavior of objects in tests than your friendly-neighborhood mocking framework? If youve been using unit tests for some time you might have come to a conclusion that using multiple asserts is not always a bad idea in fact for some tests its the only way to go. Object-oriented programming paradigm for damage tolerant evaluation of engineering structural components. Furthermore, this study identified some research gaps and suggested some possible directions for future research efforts. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly Naturally, it is to be expected that maintainability assessment based on different variants computed using different equations may yield different results when subjected to the same software. Published at DZone with permission of Dror Helper, DZone MVB. You compare Java primitives (int, long, double, etc.) The resulting visualizations for each case study are presented in, The consistency of the long-term trends in maintainability for each case study was analyzed using MannKendall Trend Tests, and the results are presented in, To examine the short-term trends in the maintainability of each case study, the differences in maintainability from one software release to its previous version are presented separately for each Index variant under study in, The results of different variants of an Index used to assess the maintainability of object-oriented software systems can vary greatly. Compare two Strings in Java - GeeksforGeeks How to Compare Objects in JavaScript - Mastering JS How to compare two Strings in Java (11 Methods) Therefore, extra caution should be taken when using the Index variants for more specific assessments instead of general ones. Using a comparator, we can sort the elements based on data members. Coleman, D.; Ash, D.; Lowther, B.; Oman, P. Using metrics to evaluate software system maintainability. For instance, it may be on roll no, name, age, or anything else. How do different Maintainability Index variants perform when utilized for maintainability measurement between different software systems? Example 1: Although equals() method can be used to compare the values of two strings, it is not really useful by default to compare two objects without overriding it. To learn how to compare strings in Java, you can use the methods provided by the following classes. If the two objects are equal according to the equals() method, then invoking the hashCode() method on these two objects must produce the same integer value. Dubey, S.K. And also how equals() and hashcode() method are used widely in the Collection API. To address these threats, our research relied on a version of 45 different software systems and all versions of 3 software systems, a sample generally larger than that in related work. Comparative Analysis of Object-Oriented Software Maintainability Prediction Models. Its a good rule that helps me write good, robust unit tests but like all such rules of thumb its not always right (just most of the time). 2023; 13(5):2972. The differences in Index variants values are the most notable when looking at the finer-grained results derived from different Index variants. = minimum, Max. Method 2: Using comparator interface- Comparator interface is used to order the objects of a user-defined class. The Index variants computation was performed according to the equations presented in. 581591. The JHawk tool was used to extract the source code metrics, as it is commonly used for metrics extraction of Java software. 525532. 252264. ; Liu, G.; Morasca, S. An empirical evaluation of the Cognitive Complexity measure as a predictor of code understandability. Each Java object is associated with the hash code. In Proceedings of the 2022 45th Jubilee International Convention on Information, Communication and Electronic Technology (MIPRO), Opatija, Croatia, 2327 May 2022; pp. [. To answer RQ2, the results were analyzed from two perspectives: between versions of the same software system, where three software systems with their versions were considered, and between different software systems, where the last version of each included software system was considered. Please do not add any spam links in the comments section. 121124. Available online: Kaur, K.; Singh, H. Determination of Maintainability Index for Object Oriented Systems. Compare Two HashMap Objects in Java - GeeksforGeeks Kaur, A.; Kaur, K.; Pathak, K. A proposed new model for maintainability index of open source software. How do different Maintainability Index variants perform when utilized for the maintainability measurement of an object-oriented software system in the context of other systems? [. These findings reinforce the importance of carefully considering which variant of the Index to use for the maintainability assessment, namely taking into account whether or not code documentation should be considered. Comparing each element of a List against some condition. 5: 2972. In Proceedings of the 18th IEEE International Symposium on Software Reliability (ISSRE 07), Trollhattan, Sweden, 59 November 2007; pp. See your article appearing on the GeeksforGeeks main page and help other Geeks. In Java, the == operator compares that two references are identical or not. = median, Std. and Get Certified. ; resources, B.. In addition, it would be valuable to examine the Index variants for maintainability assessments at levels other than the system level (i.e., packages, classes) since this study focused only on examining Index variants at the overall system level. Or you just simply want to hone your JavaScript coding skills? Schober, P.; Boer, C.; Schwarte, L.A. Reddy, B.R. Disclaimer/Publishers Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely However, we've used String constructor to create the strings. Java provides the two methods of the Object class to compare the objects are as follows: Java equals () Method Java hashCode () Method Java equals () Method The equals () method of the Object class compare the equality of two objects. First, in, The results of the correlation analysis were further analyzed through multidimensional scaling to gain a deeper understanding of the relationships between the Index variants. most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal. Create two variables, minimum and maximum. Welker, K.D. Vijaya; Sharma, S.; Batra, N. Comparative Study of Single Linkage, Complete Linkage, and Ward Method of Agglomerative Clustering. Because we had a moderate sample size (, For each software system under study, values of the Index variants are visually presented in, The differences between the values of Index variants are evaluated in, The scatter plot matrix representation with pairwise correlation analysis is shown in, To further analyze the multivariate relationships based on the Pearson Correlation Coefficient between the seven Index variants, multidimensional scaling was used to reduce the dimensions of the data to two. Another potential area of research is to conduct replication studies of existing work by analyzing the results from the perspective of using Index variants other than the one primarily selected. Java Program to Compare Strings In Proceedings of the International Conference on Contemporary Computing, Noida, India, 1719 August 2009; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2009; pp. Modeling Design/Coding Factors That Drive Maintainability of Software Systems. Alsolai, H.; Roper, M. A systematic literature review of machine learning techniques for software maintainability prediction. Available online: Lacchia, M. Radon. and B.. 1996-2023 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated. Papamichail, M.D. Method of Collections class for sorting List elements is used to sort the elements of List by the given comparator. Collections API uses hashcode() and equals() Method, 5. A systematic and comprehensive investigation of methods to build and evaluate fault prediction models. Such compare is validated automatically as soon as we write or paste our JSON objects on both sides. For person3, the property name has the different value from person1 and person2. emp1 and emp2. Please mail your requirement at [emailprotected] Duration: 1 week to 2 week. The 2021 State of the Octoverse. All source codes for the included software systems were obtained from the original (i.e., not forked) GitHub repositories. Object-Oriented Software. Based on their characteristics, behavior, and interrelationships, the variants were divided into two distinct clusters, i.e., variants that do not consider code comments in their calculation and those that do. Available online: Molnar, A.J. The software maintainability index revisited. [. ; validation, T.H. ; formal analysis, T.H. To sort a given List, ComparatorClass must implement a Comparator interface. Testwell CMT++/CMTJava. On the other hand, equals() method compares whether the value of the strings is equal, and not the object itself. Convert a String to Character Array in Java. Developed by JavaTpoint. The selection was random, and our selected subjects represent a heterogeneous group of software systems in terms of software characteristics, including size, complexity, code documentation, maturity, and domain of use. Join us next week for a fireside chat: "Women in Observability: Then, Now, and Beyond", Integrating AWS Secrets Manager With Spring Boot, Creating Your Swiss Army Knife on Java Test Stack, Comparing Two Objects Using Assert.AreEqual(). Ignoring which Index variant is used to assess maintainability could lead to misleading perceptions. Following function compare obj1 with obj2. In Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Issues and Challenges in Intelligent Computing Techniques (ICICT), Ghaziabad, India, 78 February 2014; pp. If you like GeeksforGeeks and would like to contribute, you can also write an article and mail your article to review-team@geeksforgeeks.org.