which of the following statements concerning social categorization is correct?

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 10(2), 109120. Linville, P. W., & Jones, E. E. (1980). Tajfel and Wilkes (1963) performed a simple experiment that provided a picture of the potential outcomes of categorization. A man cuts in front of the line and drops his items on the counter. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 2924. Ethnic and national stereotypes: The Princeton trilogy revisited and revised. Which component of attitude is being affected? Stereotype threat is created in situations that pose a significant threat to self-concern, such that our perceptions of ourselves as important, valuable, and capable individuals are threatened. Manipulations that affirm positive characteristics about oneself or ones group are successful at reducing stereotype threat (Alter, Aronson, Darley, Rodriguez, & Ruble, 2010; Greenberg et al., 2003; McIntyre, Paulson, & Lord, 2003). c. all ethnic groups in a society retain their independent and separate identities yet share equally in the rights and powers of citizenship. a. The role of memory biases in stereotype maintenance. Which of the following statements concerning prejudice is not true? It is separated from the lentiform nucleus by the internal capsule. To get around this problem, social psychologists make use of a number of techniques that help them measure these beliefs more subtly and indirectly. a. genocide. d. both a and b, Magazines targeted at teen girls and young women When the responses are arranged on the screen in a matching way, such that the male category and the strong category are on the same side of the screen (e.g., on the right side), participants can do the task very quickly and they make few mistakes. d. Native Americans, Which group has lived in the United States longer than all other immigrant groups besides Anglo-Saxons, yet faces the segregation and poverty that was only a transitional phase for the other groups? In the end, stereotypes become self-fulfilling prophecies, such that our expectations about the group members make the stereotypes come true (Snyder, Tanke, & Berscheid, 1977; Word, Zanna, & Cooper, 1974). Stone, J. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds. Social traps do not benefit groups sharing the same interest because two groups focused on fulfilling their own best interest without acknowledging the actions of the other group involved often leads to neither group benefiting. 1 "I did a good job because I'm smart." than those who are not employed. Research suggests that we are more easily influenced by an attractive speaker than by an unattractive speaker. A researcher examines the differences in assimilation rates of new immigrants in the United States vs. Europe. (1999). b. prejudice movies, and theater d. Ireland; urban. The figure shows links between the social category of college professors and its stereotypes as a type of neural network or schema. a. interpersonal racism. Johns, M., Schmader, T., & Martens, A. d. Whites may often benefit from it without even realizing it. Alex says to his friend, "That man is incredibly rude." Follow Which of the following statements concerning marketing research is incorrect? c. hostile sexism. (1996). not support policies such as affirmative action that aim to overcome unequal treatment. d. racialization. In apartheid-era South Africa, laws forced Blacks to live separately from whites and forbade sexual relations between races. In these situations, there is a discrepancy between our positive concept of our skills and abilities and the negative stereotypes suggesting poor performance. c. Many Japanese immigrants went on to become activists in the desegregation movement. a. genetic factors On which (if any) social categories do you categorize others? Shelley Taylor and her colleagues (Taylor, Fiske, Etcoff, & Ruderman, 1978) showed their research participants a slide and tape presentation of three male and three female college students who had supposedly participated in a discussion group. As recently as 15 years ago, the few visible gay characters were usually portrayed negatively See Page 1. Bargh, J. c. poverty 2 He made a dispositional attribution. d. Roe v. Wade, In American Apartheid (1993), Douglas Massey and Nancy A. Denton argue that _______ is/are responsible for the perpetuation of black poverty and the continued polarization of black and white people. Use the purchases journal from the previous exercise. 17. What do social psychologists call the tendency to rely on internal characteristics for explanations? c. the same type of animals were depicted on the girl cards and the boy cards. Immigrants in this example can be considered a In this case, social categorization would probably be useful because a police officer or a taxi driver might be particularly likely to know the layout of the city streets. In short, Sarah is now arguing her points not so much for herself as she is as a representative of one of her ingroupsnamely, womenand John is acting as a representative of one of his ingroupsnamely, men. a. Which of the following illustrates the power of complementary traits? Furthermore, one half of the participants were told that when the presentation was over, they would be asked to remember which person had made which suggestion, whereas the other half of the participants were told merely to observe the interaction without attending to anything in particular. d. Loyalty e. All of the above are. Which ethical theory, if any, would agree with the following statement: There are some actions that are inherently wrong because they violate a moral rule, no matter what the consequences are.. c. Some Hispanics are white and some Hispanics are nonwhite. Crisp, R. J., & Hewstone, M. d. modern sexism. c. Irish Americans I then propose that what has allowed both 'armchair' and 'experimental' participants in the . focused on ethnic minority women. ______ is a socially constructed category based on the belief in fundamental human differences associated with physical characteristics and ancestry. Which of the following would be an example of a situational attribution? a. whites Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. On the 72nd hole of the U.S. Open golf tournament, Phil Mickelson misses a one-foot putt that would have won the championship. which of the following statements concerning social categorization is correct? The cognitive monster: The case against the controllability of automatic stereotype effects. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46(1), 166171. Which of the following forms of prejudice was not portrayed in the above scenario? c. overrepresentation of female characters with both family and paid work responsibilities D. engaging in prejudice, discrimination, and stereotyping, Touch, Taste, and Smell: The Other Senses, Psychology Unit: Sociocultural Domain Part 2, Psychology Unit: Sociocultural Domain Part 1, Arlene Lacombe, Kathryn Dumper, Rose Spielman, William Jenkins. B. c. victim. 4 situational. When prejudice does not pay: Effects of interracial contact on executive function. Eastern Europe. External situations have no effect on one's personality characteristics. Stereotype lift. Perceiving outgroup members as unresponsive: Implications for approach-related emotions, intentions, and behavior. Think of a task that one of the social groups to which you belong is considered to be particularly good (or poor) at. Furthermore, he argues that women are getting too many breaks in job hiring and that qualified men are the targets of discrimination. d. a, b, and c, There is a greater underrepresentation of ____________ than ___________ in movies and In these procedures, participants are asked to make a series of judgments about pictures or descriptions of social groups and then to answer questions as quickly as they can, but without making mistakes. d. ambivalent sexism. Greenberg, J., Martens, A., Jonas, E., Eisenstadt, D., Pyszczynski, T., & Solomon, S. (2003). Once our stereotypes and prejudices become established, they are difficult to change and may lead to self-fulfilling prophecies, such that our expectations about the group members make the stereotypes come true. 2 "I did a good job because the task was easy." Women who participate in traditional feminine sports such as tennis or gymnastics get more b. Outline your answers clearly b. Europeans. a. a. underrepresentation of females Bigler, R. S., & Liben, L. S. (2006). b. Racist views distinguishing the descendants of Europeans from those of Africans became central to European racist attitudes. In these cases, your membership as a university student is simply more salient and important than it is every day, and you are more likely to categorize yourself accordingly. School Liberty University - Lynchburg, VA. . b) Secondary research is done after primary research. Which factor significantly decreased the likelihood of conformity in Solomon Asch's studies? Which of the following is not an example of masculine generic language? For most of the period of European expansion, Europeans believed themselves to be superior to the people they colonized and conquered. Gender stereotypes stem from the distribution of women and men into social roles. ability a. unfriendly a. Asian American women over age 35 3 We are more likely to attribute another's behavior to internal rather than to situational causes. Knowing is half the battle: Teaching stereotype threat as a means of improving womens math performance. Every dialect comprises distinctive accents that reflect on their unique background as a member of the society. significance level. c. Asian Americans c. across countries, men showed stronger hostile sexism than women did. As you can see in Figure 12.4 Perceptual Accentuation, the experiment involved having research participants judge the length of six lines. Which statement is an accurate characterization of the concept of race? Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. Because our stereotypes are activated spontaneously when we think about members of different social groups, it is possible to use reaction-time measures to assess this activation and thus to learn about peoples stereotypes and prejudices. b. Germany; urban Other indirect measures of prejudice are also frequently used in social psychological research, for instanceassessing nonverbal behaviors such as speech errors or physical closeness. a. B. practicing discrimination Tetlock, P. E., & Mitchell, G. (2008). d. by attempting to act as if race does not exist, whites perpetuate inequalities. A white man places a rental property he owns on Craigslist to rent it out for the next year. Perform the indicated operation. Out of mind but back in sight: Stereotypes on the rebound. Once they become established, stereotypes (like any other cognitive representation) tend to persevere. Stereotypes may influence our performance on important tasks through stereotype threat. a. modern sexism and modern sexism. Denying Francisco a raise is an example of c. discrimination. Generics express generalizations, but unlike quantified statements, generics do not carry information about how many members of the kind or category have the property. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39(1), 8390. 1. the standards and values of dominant groups 2. various groups' power within society 3. the standards and values of subordinate groups 4. social interaction The standards and values of dominant groups, various groups' power within society, and social interaction b. stereotyping. This example illustrates that, A disadvantaged group that is separated from the dominant group by their distinct physical or cultural characteristics is known as. a. 4 You are polite and civil to people you dislike. a. displacement Subaccounts provide more detail on accounts in reports in a simple and straightforward way You can collapse or expand each group of accounts on reports, depending on the arrow direction next to the group Subaccount balances appear indented under the parent account on reports Subaccounts do not count . These could be between candidates and students (usually the case), candidates and parents (quite common), Chinese students and Chinese teachers, and candidates with me (as their mentor/teacher). Which of the following is not true of Ann Hopkins' legal battle? Determining how to define and categorize variables is sometimes called 'operationalizing' and is a critical part of study design. Thinking about others in terms of their group memberships is known as social categorizationthe natural cognitive process by which we place individuals into social groups. A white person tells an Asian American person that they "speak good English." a. Authoritarianism is not a characteristic of personality but reflects the values and norms of particular subcultures within the wider society. Selected accounts payable and general ledger accounts for Copperland Company are given in the Working Papers. d. Because it is easy to classify people, category-based stereotypes are always accurate. Want to create or adapt books like this? Early experiences of failure increase an individual's sense of competence. Stereotypes are frequently expressed on TV, in movies, and in chat rooms and blogs, and we learn a lot of our beliefs from these sources. d. Hispanics are neither white nor nonwhite. Which of the following statements concerning race is TRUE? A common strategy for gaining compliance used by car salespeople is the door-in-the-face technique. Categorization is the ability and activity of recognizing shared features or similarities between the elements of the experience of the world (such as objects, events, or ideas), organizing and classifying experience by associating them to a more abstract group (that is, a category, class, or type), on the basis of their traits, features, similarities or other criteria that are universal to . d. integrate schools. a. laws limiting the rights of blacks in the South after the Civil War Those who view the Mexican American population as stagnating argue that Mexicans are going through a process called Scientific American, 223, 96102. A., Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. She negatively evaluates a Hispanic applicant because she has "no cultural flavor" in her application. But research has found that stereotypes are often used out of our awareness, which makes it very difficult for us to correct for them. c. antimiscegenation Ethnicity bases classification on physical features. Which of the following is not true of media portrayals of women and men? Ethan is a white man who has Scottish ancestry and wore a kilt to his wedding. A social psychologist who is within earshot jots down a note so she can use the example in class. On January 1, 2014, Everett Corporation had these stockholders equity accounts. There are several pairs of terms for females and males that have the same objective meaning a. one-half of the girls heard discouraging, sexist comments about their science, math or athletic 5 c. teachers and fathers were a frequent source of discouraging remarks about girls' academic C. The point at which sales revenue equals contribution margin. Imagine, however, that as the conversation continues, Sarah brings up an assignment that she is completing for her womens studies class. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39(5), 456467. Swim, J. K. (1994). Lines C and D were seen as the same length in the noncategorized condition, but line C was perceived as longer than line D when the lines were categorized into two groups. c. have increased use of sexual imagery in recent years. 275292). A basic prediction of social categorization theory is that . Immigrants in this example can be considered a d. African Americans, Which of the following Hispanic groups is the largest? c. Although adults apply gender stereotypes to children, these stereotypes are different from the Although in some cases the stereotypes that are used to make judgments might actually be true of the individual being judged, in many other cases they are not. worship-and-biblical-worldview-theo-104. In 2013, ______ of Americans eighteen- to twenty-nine-year-olds supported interracial marriage. Define superordinate goals and explain how they help in increasing cooperation when there is conflict among individuals. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2009.09.014. 3 People who do it tend to be young and nave. a. b. benevolent; hostile b. impersonal market forces Snyder, M., Tanke, E. D., & Berscheid, E. (1977). Allport, G. W. (1954/1979). b) the influences of the social world in which we exist. Thinking about others in terms of their group memberships is known as social categorizationthe natural cognitive process by which we place individuals into social groups. c. economic factors d. 50. morris minor cars for sale in arkansas; treasure inside jokes 0 Home. Richeson, J. Notably, the image in Figure 1 is also a stock photo supplied by one of the world's largest commercial image banks, Getty Images.As we say, newspapers and other news media outlets increasingly source their images this way, with fewer . In 1735, Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus published a modern classification scheme of human populations. In R. V. Kail (Ed. There was just as much categorization for those who were not given any instructions as for those who were told to remember who said what. a. racism This finding is most consistent with: b. experiencing discrimination in employment Other research using this technique has found that we spontaneously categorize each other on the basis of many other group memberships, including race, academic status (student versus teacher), social roles, and other social categories (Fiske, Haslam, & Fiske, 1991; Stangor, Lynch, Duan, & Glass, 1992). d. El Salvadoran Americans, During which period were Mexican workers admitted without much restriction? Social categorization occurs when we think of someone as a man (versus a woman), an old person (versus a young person), a Black person (versus an Asian or White person), and so on (Allport, 1954/1979). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 797811. 1 The task difficulty was increased. Dwayne Claude Steele and Joshua Aronson (1995) tested the hypothesis that these differences might be due to the activation of negative stereotypes. b. African Americans New York, NY: Guilford Press. \boldsymbol{x}_{\boldsymbol{i}} & 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 \\ a. b. most whites are above racism and incapable of perpetuating discrimination. View Bus311.docx from BUSI 311 at Liberty University. ______ refers to a type of social identity related to ancestry (perceived or real) and cultural differences which become effective or active in certain contexts. Tajfel, H., & Wilkes, A. L. (1963). Even if many women are more emotional than are most men, not all are, and it is not right to judge any one woman as if she is. father but has decided to withhold the diagnosis from his mother for as long as possible. He argues that if there is a womens studies program, then there should be a mens studies program too. Conduct test at the 5% b. Belinda is part of a jury that is split evenly between those who feel the defendant is guilty and those who feel the defendant is not guilty. D. scapegoating, One of the issues that makes categorization a difficult prejudice to overcome is that it is often __________. But when the images are arranged such that the women and the strong categories are on the same side, whereas the men and the weak categories are on the other side, most participants make more errors and respond more slowly. 4 We tend to attribute our successes to our own efforts and our failures to the shortcomings of others. d. benevolent sexism, Both hostile and benevolent sexism: The Implicit Association Test at age 7: A methodological and conceptual review. a. Daniel Patrick Moynihan b. physical attractiveness If men think that women are all alike, then they may also think that they all have the same characteristicstheyre all emotional and weak. And women may have similarly simplified beliefs about men (theyre insensitive, unwilling to commit, etc.). At a 0.11%0.11 \%0.11% rate of interest, what is the amount of money U.S. taxpayers are losing per year because of these $45\$ 45$45 million in counterfeit notes? Review the ways that stereotypes influence our behavior. b. from the middle 1960s to 1986 Furthermore, the categories are arranged such that the responses to be answered with the left and right buttons either fit with (match) the stereotype or do not fit with (mismatch) the stereotype. San Diego, CA: Elsevier. . Even today, there is good agreement about the stereotypes of members of many social groups, including men and women and a variety of ethnic groups. Why do you (or dont you) categorize? One indirect approach to assessing prejudice is called the bogus pipeline procedure (Jones & Sigall, 1971). Lepore, L., & Brown, R. (1997). d. Native Americans. Furthermore, aspects of language, such as accent, play a crucial role in the . Question 1 Which 3 statements regarding subaccounts are true? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(12), 16671678. After the war, Japanese families joined many Chinese immigrants in segregated Chinatowns. C. purposeful Music videos often emphasize women's sexuality rather than their musical talent. c. ethnicity. Race and ethnicity shape internal and external perceptions of a group. (2002). d. had qualities of behavior or temperament that were innate and could not be altered. Perceived consensus influences intergroup behavior and stereotype accessibility. Waterhouse's refusal to promote her to partner. Question: 3 points Save Answer Question 14 Which of the following statements regarding retirement trends is correct The savings rate in the United States has consistently been decreasing over the last 30 years. c. working-class women are perceived more positively than are middle-class women. British Journal of Psychology, 54, 101114. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(5), 656674. The cluster of traits that includes being independent, ambitious, and achievement-oriented is, According to the text, in North American society _______ traits are more likely to be associated. Stangor, C., Lynch, L., Duan, C., & Glass, B. (1994). a. imply women are weak. Word, C. O., Zanna, M. P., & Cooper, J. Our stereotypes and prejudices are learned through many different processes. c. Cuban Americans Guia de Estudio - Study Guide: Term 1 Test, Avancemos 2 Unidad 2 Leccin 2 (Vocabulario), John David Jackson, Patricia Meglich, Robert Mathis, Sean Valentine, Anderson's Business Law and the Legal Environment, Comprehensive Volume, David Twomey, Marianne Jennings, Stephanie Greene, Service Management: Operations, Strategy, and Information Technology, Applied Calculus for the Managerial, Life, and Social Sciences, Global Procurement and Strategic Sourcing (2), Measurements (e.g., weight, height, blood pressure). 1.) All of the following statements concerning the Social Security system are correct EXCEPT: The Social Security retirement benefit is payable at normal retirement age with reduced benefits available as early as age 59 , to anyone who has obtained at least . c. Few whites benefit from white privilege. c. White women under age 35 B. All states have workers' compensation laws. a. Racism is no longer a significant problem for Blacks. In one of the experimental conditions, participants simply saw six lines, whereas in the other condition, the lines were systematically categorized into two groupsone comprising the three shorter lines and one comprising the three longer lines. activities. Even groups who typically enjoy advantaged social status can be made to experience stereotype threat. 1 affective Im sure youve had this experience yourself, when you found yourself thinking or saying, Oh, them, theyre all the same!. I. b. Saturday morning cartoons. The Congressional Research Service estimates that at least $45\$ 45$45 million of counterfeit U.S. $100\$ 100$100 notes produced by the North Korean government are in circulation. Although Gkn has been shown to predict important life outcomes, only a few standardized tests measuring Gkn exist, especially for the adult population. Automatic category activation and social behaviour: The moderating role of prejudiced beliefs. Account. Once we begin to see the members of outgroups as more similar to each other than they actually are, it then becomes very easy to apply our stereotypes to the members of the groups without having to consider whether the characteristic is actually true of the particular individual. 4 The participants were given two chances at responding. which of the following statements concerning social categorization is correct? b. had innate qualities that were different but that could be modified through socialization. 5. Social Cognition, 21(3), 167193. In some cases, these beliefs may be positive, and they have the effect of making us feel more confident and thus better able to perform tasks. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(2), 275287. Yaacov Trope and Eric Thompson (1997) found that individuals addressed fewer questions to members of categories about which they had strong stereotypes (as if they already knew what these people were like) and that the questions they did ask were likely to confirm the stereotypes they already had. which of the following statements concerning social categorization is correct? d. all of the above, Social Psychology-Chapter 7 (Conceptual/Appli. (2007). Figure 12.6 Current Stereotypes Held by College Students. Madon, S., Guyll, M., Aboufadel, K., Montiel, E., Smith, A., Palumbo, P., & Jussim, L. (2001). "Gwendolyn Brooks is an outstanding poetess." Give one example of a superordinate goal. Brian believes that gender discrimination is no longer a problem in society. a. This overgeneralization makes it more likely that we will think about and treat all members of a group the same way. Because Black students are aware of the (inaccurate) stereotype that Blacks are intellectually inferior to Whites, this stereotype might create a negative expectation, which might interfere with their performance on intellectual tests through fear of confirming that stereotype. Even 5-year-old children have learned cultural norms about the appropriate activities and behaviors for boys and girls and also have developed stereotypes about age, race, and physical attractiveness (Bigler & Liben, 2006). d. Ms. Jane Collins-Sullivan, Currently, about ___ percent of college-educated brides do not take their husband's last name. The genome between socially constructed racial groups is 99.5%-99.9% identical; the 0.1%-0.5% variation between any two unrelated individuals is greatest between individuals in the same racial . The point at which variable costs equal fixed costs. c. It outlawed discriminatory voting practices. a. white men and women Stangor, C., & Duan, C. (1991). The results of Crandall's studies on bulimia in sororities are consistent with which of the following statements? Yzerbyt, V., Schadron, G., Leyens, J., & Rocher, S. (1994). b. Authoritarianism is a characteristic of personality and reflects the values and norms of particular subcultures within the wider society. It turns out that John does not think there should be a womens studies program at the college, and he tells Sarah so. a. b. 2 You believe that reality TV is for morons but are addicted to American Idol and watch every episode. a. Racism is a form of prejudice focusing on cultural differences between people. Introduction The Philippines has more than 111 dialects spoken, owing to the subdivisions of these basic regional and cultural groups. Prejudice: Its social psychology. Ostrom, T. M., & Sedikides, C. (1992). Alter, A. L., Aronson, J., Darley, J. M., Rodriguez, C., & Ruble, D. N. (2010). During the year, the following transactions occurred. II. Hirschfeld, L. (1996). What term would be used to characterize her argument? c. "The average student does his homework every night."

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