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appeals, giving purpose and meaning to Pericles' recent onslaught of a word of encouragement is offered to the What we have from Pericles is the record of his life, and most importantly for present purposes, a speech attributed to him by Thucydides (460-395 BCE). In closing, Pericless funeral oration speech bears certain remarkable similarities to the structure of President Abraham Lincolns brief but striking eulogy: The Gettysburg Address. Both begin with an ancestral praise, followed by an ode to national greatness, and an acknowledgement that mere speeches cannot fully honor the dead, however we, the living, may forever remember their deeds. Pericles Funeral Oration comes to us from Thucydides's famous History of the Pelopennesian War . very high note with extra emphasis on the word proves, pausing It's difficult to argue with cold hard facts or solid statistics. Course Hero. That speech by Pericles is, in the opinion of Thomas Cahill and many other scholars, the most famous speech in history. Pericles begins his oration by setting out the difficulty of his task: to please those in the audience who were close to the dead with tales of glory and honor without dismissing the citizens of Athens, who Pericles claims only want to hear praise of the dead so long as they can feel satisfied that they are equally great, (II.35). certainly contrasts against the stark, militaristic nature of the Pericles; Created in electronic form. Following the war's first campaign, the people of Athens asked Pericles, the republic's first citizen, to give a speech praising those who had fallen in the conflict. segways away from the military now, heading for Athenian character Accessed March 4, 2023. https://www.coursehero.com/lit/Funeral-Oration/. For this reading I used the impeccable Landmark edition of ThucydidessHistory of the Peloponnesian Warby businessman-turned classical scholar Robert B. Strassler. 1)Athens. Athens was a proud democracy (ruled by its citizens), while Sparta was an oligarchy . Pericles' Funeral Oration was a significant timestamp in 5th century Greece, Athens and to the Classical World. Pericles' Funeral Oration, although much longer than five minutes, is extremely short compared to speeches given in 400 BC. Pericles refers to the way these two interact in the following sentences: In a joint offering of their bodies [the men] won their several rewards of ageless praise their glory is laid up imperishable, recallable at any need for remembrance or exampleStrive then, with these, convinced that happiness lies in freedom (Pericles, 22). In this speech . of their easygoing, pleasure centered lifestyle, they maintain the Found a perfect sample but need a unique one? The speech was delivered in 430 B.C.E., after the first year of the Peloponnesian War. 5 4 But they may. Speeches such as Pericles' were traditionally given annually to honor the many who fell during Athens' many wars and campaigns against other countries. Abraham Lincoln's "Gettysburg Address" and Pericles' "Funeral Oration" are two of the most memorable speeches given throughout history. Pericles was a leading figure from the Greek Peloponnesian War. Pericles displays some restraint in his oration, another key component of the epitaphios logos, when he avoids individualizing the dead men and the citizenry of Athens, his addressee: Such was the city these men fought for, rather than lose to others; and shall we, their survivors, not take up the labor (Pericles, 21)? Pericles' funeral oration speech recorded by Thuc. enjoyment to unnerve his spirit, or poverty with its hope of a day of for a moment to allow listeners to nod appreciatively, clap, or The term pathos is used to denote a particular reasoning style that involves gaining the emotional appeal of a writer's or speaker's audience so as to present his viewpoints or argument.. For example, this is evident when he said, "We make friends by doing good to others, not by He is proud of Athens's openness. And it is that many later speeches of politicians of the culture that emanates from Ancient Greece, were inspired or directly copied parts of the funeral oration of Pericles. passionately, starting with And that this and ending on a friends. to continue the war (ppl were questioning/tired) What is "classical Greek Humanism?" Pericles was a man who lived in Ancient Greece. He makes no specifications about the soldiers, calling them these men," and uses the plural we when speaking to everyone else. In comparing the culture and philosophy of Athens with Sparta, Pericles sets up the conflict between the two city-states as a contest between very different ways of life. exits. they fall to Athens, and exaggerate more so when Athens falls to speech derived from the memory of Thucydides, written in such a way He was a famous Athenian politician. Plato, for example, in his Menexenus , attributes it to Aspasia, the companion of Pericles. The impact is not always obvious because the content of these American documents often sets a precedent, but subtle links to the Greco-Roman writing style can have a large effect on the message a president sends to his audience or reader. reading Pericles' speech, it is crucial that one understands who If there is anyone who should be praising In the Funeral Oration, he discusses subjects such as the superiority of the Athenian compared to other civilisations. Wow! Web. According to this philosophy, one can and should show mercy merely because one has the ability to do so. He is therefore able to reinforce this point by following the Greek, Pericles displays some restraint in his oration, another key component of the, The Greeks at Gettysburg: An Analysis of Pericles' Epitaphios Logos as a Model for Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, Brides of Death, Brides of Destruction: The Inverted Wedding in Aeschylus' Agamemnon, Dionysus as Metaphor: Defining the Dionysus of the Homeric Hymns, Copyright 2023 The President and Fellows of Harvard College, Persephone: The Harvard Undergraduate Classics Journal. For it seems to me that it is not out of purpose at present to bring these things to mind, and that it will be profitable to hear them from all those who are here, whether they be natural or strangers; for we have a republic that does not follow the laws of other neighboring cities and regions, but gives laws and example to others, and our government is called a democracy, because the administration of the republic does not belong to a few but to many. Pericles wishes to reinforce that Athenian society allows ordinary people to benefit and to flourish. speech about to be analyzed. It also creates a sense of him as trustworthy, honorable, and creditable. weight given the current war against the Peloponnesians and Pericles' He is therefore able to reinforce this point by following the Greek epitaphios logos structure to give the arete a dual purpose. And citizens who give their lives, despite their personal flaws, are nevertheless heroes: For there is justice in the claim that steadfastness in his countrys battles should be as a cloak to cover a mans other imperfections; since the good action has blotted out the bad, and his merit as a citizen more than outweighed his demerits as an individualThus choosing to die resisting, rather than to live submitting, they fled only from dishonor, but met danger face to face, and after one brief moment, while at the summit of their fortune, left behind them not their fear, but their glory(2.42 [3-4]). the mold and attempted to use the speech to win the good graces of In Course Hero. Considering that both speeches used logos, Pericles' Funeral Oration presented a better logical appeal because he brings forth hypothetical examples.In the speech, Pericles says " I would ask you to count as gain the greater part of your life, in which you have been happy, and remember that . Photo: Winstonchurchill.org The rulers of Athens were decided by popular election. part of the speech, and the bodies of the fallen were cleaned and put Pericles displays some restraint in his oration, another key component of the epitaphios logos, when he avoids individualizing the dead men and the citizenry of Athens, his addressee: Such was the city these men fought for, rather than lose to others; and shall we, their survivors, not take up the labor (Pericles, 21)? Who was Thucydides? According to Thomas Cahill and other experts, this modest beginning inevitably reminds us of Lincoln's words at Gettysburg: We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 74 Pericles Click the card to flip The Funeral Oration was recorded by Thucydides in book two of his famous History of the Peloponnesian War. Parents find joy in honor, especially in old age; brothers take pride in their fallen heroes, and widows Pericles instructs to find glory and excellence in being gossiped about infrequently, whether for good or for evil. By him using an ethical appeal he is appealing to his wife's morals. He illustrates that through the death of soldiers, the government, rather than the men themselves, will attain immortality. While a funeral oration would normally focus primarily upon the deceased, Pericles acts as a fervent advocate of democracy by examining not only the sacrifices of his fellow Athenians, but the particular qualities that have facilitated Athenian greatness. His achievements included the construction of the Acropolis, begun in 447. and personal ability. was called for by each situation" (Thucydides 1.22). Pericles frames the bravery of the Athenians as a deliberate choice. 2023. In these words we can trace Kennedy's inauguration speech: Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty. By forming a sharp distinction between just two groups, the dead and the living, Pericles emphasizes that the surviving citizens must continue to fight for their city. Pericles' Funeral Oration and America: What Athens and America have in common . He encouraged Athenian democracy to grow and promoted art and literature. families, as he states in the fourth to last paragraph. The epainesis in Pericles oration continues with a remark on arete, that is, the excellence of the dead in battle: But the valor of these men and their peers gave the city her beautyThe death of these, in my judgment, revealed the courage of some at their first encounter, or conformed the others established record (Pericles, 21). Pericles' emphasis on sacrifice for freedom is echoed in the famous words, blood, toil, tears and sweat, from Winston Churchill to the British during World War II in his first speech as Prime Minister. Pericles' Funeral Oration from Thucydides: Peloponnesian War 2022-10-13. It has been said that he delivered the speech in the Kerameikos cemetery (from which we derive our word ceramic). promote a sense of nationalism in the surviving listeners, both employs slight parallelism when Pericles speaks of Athens' reputation This is where you can use pathos to great effect. In his eulogy, Pericles strives to rally the spirits of his countrymen by contrasting Athenian enlightenment with the narrow militaristic ethos of its enemies. [Then] a man chosen by the city for his intellectual gifts and for his general . As a people who live under a rule of law that favors the many over the few, and which regards citizens as equal before the law, Athenian diplomacy has allowed its state to achieve greatness. That is the historian, usually recorded as the second known historian (in the west) after Herodotus. Pericles was a prominent statesman, orator, and general in ancient Athens during the city's Golden Age. Pericles delivers his famous eulogy, the "funeral oration speech" in the winter of 431 BC, after the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War in honor of the fallen Athenians.